Anachem m1,2

• Qualitative analysis is to find out what constituents are present in the sample being analyzed, resulting in non-numerical data
• In qualitative analysis of ions, analysis is first done as groups of ions, separated into subgroups, and finally each member ion is confirmed present by specific tests, usually by precipitation reactions and flame tests
• Quantitative analysis is to find out how much of the constituents are present in the sample
• A graduated cylinder measures the volume of liquid with a 10mL major division and marked units of 1mL
• Volume readings can be estimated by 0.1mL
• When a liquid is placed in a cylinder, the liquid assumes a curve with the lowest point at the center called meniscus
• For colorless and light-colored liquids, the lower meniscus is observed, while for dark liquids, the upper meniscus is seen
• In reading the meniscus, the eyes' line of sight must be perpendicular to the scale
• A top-loading balance measures mass rapidly and accurately, providing a digital readout of the mass to the nearest 0.001g
• When transferring liquids with volumes greater than 5mL, they can be poured directly into vessels
• Graduated cylinders and beakers have an indentation in their mouth for controllable pouring, while a funnel should be used when pouring from an Erlenmeyer flask or transferring liquid into a vessel with a narrow mouth
• Filtration is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids using filtration paper
• Evaporation can separate soluble solids from liquid by heating it in an evaporating dish, leaving crystals but some solids may decompose in heat
• Crystallization involves heating a solution in an evaporating dish with a water bath until crystals form, which are then filtered and dried
• Pipets are used to transfer small volumes of liquids, with TD pipets set to deliver the desired volume
• Classical analysis, also termed wet chemical analysis, uses no mechanical or electronic instruments other than a balance and relies on chemical reactions between the analyte and a reagent
• Instrumental analysis involves the use of instruments to characterize a chemical reaction between the analyte and a reagent or to measure a property of the analyte
• Both classical and instrumental quantitative analyses can be divided into gravimetric and volumetric analyses
• Gravimetric analysis relies on critical mass measurement, where the mass of a precipitate can be used to calculate the amount of analyte initially present
• If two soluble compounds containing ions that form an insoluble solid are mixed in solution, a precipitate will form only if the concentrations of the ions exceed the solubility product of the insoluble substance
• Solubilities of some ionic compounds in water are listed, indicating which compounds are water-soluble and insoluble
• A physical change alters the physical state of a substance without changing its composition, while a chemical change converts one substance into another through breaking and forming bonds
• Chemical equations show reactants on the left and products on the right, with coefficients used to balance the equation according to the law of conservation of mass
• Types of precipitates include crystalline, gelatinous, and curdy precipitates, each with specific characteristics and examples
• Analytical Chemistry 


  the study of composition of matter, be it inorganic or organic in nature
• will cause incorrect weight

  BUOYANCY EFFECTS
• funnels can be securely held with a *

  or held with one hand while pouring with the other


  ring clamp
• - solid in a liquid and it doesn't dissolve

  mixture
• - liquid and a soluble solid

  solution
• is placing our solution in an evaporating dish and heating it but with a water bath not with bunsen burner

  crystallization
• solid are less soluble at * temperatures

  Colder
• chemistry, determination of the physical properties or chemical composition of samples of matter

  chemical analysis
• Cl^-1 all chloridesmare soluble except?

  Silver chloride, mercurous chloride, lead chloride
• All sulfates are soluble except

  CaSO4*, SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and Ag2SO4*.
• S-2 All sulfides are insoluble except those of the ** elements and (NH4)2S

  IA, IIA
• All carbonates are insoluble except those of the IA elements and (NH4)2CO3
• A physical change alters the physical state of a substance without changing its composition
• Coefficients show the number of molecules of a given element or compound that react or are formed
• The law of conservation of mass states that atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
• CRYSTALLINE

  • well-defined / regularly shaped crystals whose shapes are a function of the composition of the salt;relatively pure;