L3 - Nervous System | Anaphy Lec

• Central Nervous System are composed of spinal cord and brain
• the central nervous system represent the main organs of the nervous system
• Cerebrum

  • gray mantle of the human brain
  • make up most of the mass of the brain
• longitudinal fissure - a large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum which separates the cerebrum into two halves, right and left central hemisphere
• corpus callosum - provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
• basal nuclei - responsible for cognitive processing (the most important function associated with planning movements)
• basal forebrain contains nuclei that are important in learning and memory
• limbic cortex - region of the cerebral cortex that is part of limbic system (collection of structures involved in emotion, memory and behavior)
• the cerebrum is covered by a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either the side of the forebrain is called cerebral cortex
• cerebral cortex is a thin, extensive region of wrinkled gray matter which is responsible for higher functions of the nervous system
• gyrus - the ridge of the wrinkles (gyri = plural)
• sulcus - the groove between two gyri (sulci = plural)
• Korbininan Brodmann - performed an extensive study of the cerebral cortex and divided it into 52 separate regions known as the Brodmann's area
• Areas 17 and 18 in the occipital lobe are responsible for primary visual perception
• Area 41, and 42 in temporal lobe is associated with primary auditory sensation
• the parietal lobe is associated with somatosensation (general sensations of the body)
• postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex or known as Area 1,2,3 which tactile senses are processed in this area as well as the general senses
• frontal lobe is associated with motor functions
• precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex
• the premotor area is responsible for storing learned movement algorithms which are instructions for complex movements
• frontal eye field are important in eliciting scanning eye movements and in attending to visual stimuli
• broca's area (area 44, 45) is responsible for production of language or controlling movements responsible for speech
• prefontral lobe serves cognitive functions that can be the basis of personality, short-term memory, and consciousness
• area 17 is the primary visual cortex
• area 18 and 19 is for visual processing
• area 22 is the primary auditory cortex
• area 6 is the premotor cortex
• area 4 is the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus
• the diencephalon includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus
• thalamus - a relay between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system
• hypothalamus - coordinates hemostatic functions through the autonomic and endocrine systems
• brain stem - composed of the midbrain, pons and medulla which controls the head and neck region of the body through the cranial nervecs
• cerebrum - connected to the brain stem, primarily at the pons, where it receives a copy of the descending input from the cerebrum to the spinal cord
• diencephalon translates to "through brain"
• cerebellum (little brain) - attached to the brain stem but considered as a separate region of the adult brain which is responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum with sensory feedbacks from the periphery through the spinal cord.
• midbrain - coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual spaces
• pons - main connection with the cerebellum
• medulla - the region known as the myelencephalon in the embryonic brain
• Spinal nerves, a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), are mixed nerves that send motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the CNS and the body.
• Afferent sensory axons bring sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain; they travel through the dorsal roots of the spinal cord.