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• Ancient Roots of Testing:

  • Chinese Civilization: testing was used to select government job applicants
  • Greek Civilization: tests measured intelligence and physical skills
  • European Universities: relied on formal exams for conferring degrees and honors
• Individual Differences:

  • Charles Darwin believed in unique individual differences leading to more complex, intelligent organisms over time
  • Francis Galton pioneered testing movement and introduced various testing methods
  • Galton noted that individuals with mental retardation struggle to discriminate among heat, cold, and pain
• Early Experimental Psychologists:

  • Johan Friedrich Herbart: father of pedagogy, went against Wundt
  • Ernst Heinrich Weber: studied sensory thresholds and just noticeable differences (JND)
  • Gustav Theodor Fechner: founder of psychophysics, Weber-Fechner Law
  • Wilhelm Wundt: first to set up a psychology laboratory
  • Edward Titchner: brought Structuralism to America
  • Guy Montrose Whipple: pioneer of human ability testing
  • Louis Leon Thurstone: contributed to factor analysis and the law of comparative judgment
• The Study of Mental Deficiency and Intelligence Testing:

  • Jean Esquirol: described mental retardation as separate from insanity
  • Edouard Seguin: modern educational methods for mentally retarded individuals
  • James McKeen Cattell: coined the term "mental test"
  • Alfred Binet: father of IQ testing
  • Lewis M. Terman: introduced IQ concept based on mental age and chronological age
• Theories of Intelligence:

  • Charles Spearman: introduced two-factor theory of intelligence
  • Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities
  • David Wechsler: creator of Wechsler Intelligence Tests
  • Raymond Cattell: introduced components of "g"
  • Guilford: theorized "many factor intelligence theory"
  • Vernon and Carroll: hierarchical approach in "g"
  • Sternberg: introduced the "3 g's"
  • Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences theory
• World War I:

  • Robert Yerkes: pioneered Army Alpha and Army Beta group intelligence tests
  • Arthur S. Otis: introduced multiple choice and "objective" item tests
  • Robert S. Woodworth: devised the Personal Data Sheet for identifying soldiers at risk for shell shock
• Personality Testers:

  • Herman Rorschach: Rorschach Inkblot Test
  • Henry Murray & Christina Morgan: Thematic Apperception Test
  • Raymond B. Cattell: 16 Personality Factors
  • McCrae & Costa: Big 5 Personality Factors
• Psychological Testing in the Philippines:

  • Virgilio Enriquez: Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP)
  • Aurora R. Palacio: Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino (PKP)
  • Anadaisy Carlota: Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)
  • Gregorio E.H. Del Pilar: Masaklaw na Panukad ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob)
  • Alfredo Lagmay: Philippine Thematic Apperception Test (PTAT)