RES 201: CHAPTER 3-5

• ETHICS IN RESEARCH IMPORTANCE:

  • promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth and credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work
  • often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among people in different fields
  • many of the ethical norms ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public
  • adherence to ethical principles helps build public support for research
  • people are more likely to fund research studies that promote moral and social values
• Honesty 

  • must be maintained in all communication
  • data should never be fabricated, falsified, or misinterpreted
• Objectivity

  • biases should be avoided in the experimental design, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony and the other aspects of research
• • Integrity
  • consistency of thought and action is the foundation of the credibility of any research work
  • promises and agreements should be kept and all actions should be made with sincere purpose
• • Care
  • your work and the works of your peers should be critically examined
  • records of research activities should be kept in good order and condition
• • Openness
  • research should be open to criticism and new ideas
  • research data, results, ideas and resources should also be shared with the public
• Responsible Publication

  • study should be done with the purpose of advancing research and scholarship
  • wasteful and duplicate publication should be avoided
• • Respect for Intellectual Property
  • proper acknowledgement should be given to all authors cited and sources used in your research
• Confidentiality

  • confidential communications or documents should be protected
• Responsible Monitoring

  • research should seek to educate, mentor, and advice students
• Respect for Colleagues

  • all peers should be trained fairly
• Social Responsibility

  • social good should be promoted and social harm should be avoided
• Non-discrimination

  • all those eligible to participate in research should be allowed to do so
• Competence

  • professional competence and expertise should be maintained and improved with the research
• • Legality
  • researcher should know and obey relevant laws and institutional government policies
• Human Subject Protection

  • harms and risks to human lives should be minimized
  • human dignity, privacy and autonomy should be among the primary consideration of the research
• HOW TO HAVE ETHICS IN RESEARCH: ADVOCATE

  ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH:

  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Care
  • Openness
  • Responsible Publication
  • Respect for Intellectual Property
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible Monitoring
  • Respect for Colleagues
  • Social Responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Competence
  • Legality
  • Human Subject Protection
• Voluntary Participation

  • any person should not be coerced to participate in any research undertaking
• Informed Consent

  • prospective research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in the research
• Risk of Harm

  • participants should be protected from physical, financial or psychological harm
• Confidentiality

  • assurance that participant’s identify and other personal information must be kept confidential
• Anonymity

  • the participants must remain anonymous throughout the study even to the researchers themselves
• HOW TO HAVE ETHICS IN RESEARCH: UPHOLD:

  RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS:

  • Voluntarily Participation
  • Informed Consent
  • Risk of Harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Anonymity
• ETHICAL STANDARDS IN RESEARCH WRITING:

  CLEAR, ACCURATE, FAIR AND HONEST

  1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty;
  2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation and misleading claims must be avoided
  3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other people’s work, and;
  4. Plagiarism should be avoided by fully acknowledging all content belonging to others
• PLAGIARISM

  • act of using another person’s ideas, words, processes, and results without giving due credit. This constitutes a violation of intellectual property rights.
• INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

  • creations of the mind: inventions ; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce
  • covers two categories: 

  1. Industrial Property - includes patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
  2. Copyright - includes published works such as literary works, textbooks, reference books, and other artistic works such as creative design, film, and etc.
• REPUBLIC ACT 8293 / “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines” :

  • Intellectual property is protected by this act.
  • “Published works” means works, which, with the consent of the authords, are made available to the public by wire or wireless means in such a way that members of the public may access these works from a place and time individually chosen by them
• • Copying and pasting text from sources should be avoided
  • Articles, figures, and references should be prepared according to prescribed standards
• Tips to avoid plagiarism:

  • Sufficient time should be allotted for writing
  • Hard copies of all relevant references should be collected
  • All references should be read carefully and important parts highlighted
  • Sufficient attribution should be placed when using the ideas of others
  • Lines with factual details are to be referenced
  • Appropriateness of inserting references should be determined
  • Written permission should be acquired for text and figures copied from other sources
  • All text should be paraphrased by the author in their own language
• Diligence

  • should still be taken in citing the source and informing the copyright owners regarding the use of their works despite the law recognizing fair use for research
• RESEARCH TITLE

  • prefaces the study by providing a summary of the main idea or the theme and focus on the research problem.
  • It is clear, concise, and interesting.
  • a research title should have the following characteristics:

  1. It should summarize the main idea of the paper.
  2. It should be a concise statement of the main topic.
  3. It should include the major variables of the research study.
  4. It should be self explanatory.
  5. It should describe or imply the participants of the study.
• Major Variables

  • must be contained in the title because if not there is no research to be conducted.
• Participants of the Study

  • the subject or respondents where data is collected from.
• Topics or Themes

  • the subject matters or concepts that are the focus of the investigation and discussion in the paper.
• Outputs

  • concrete contribution after the data that are gathered and interpreted. This is usually placed after a colon “:” usually as a subtitle.
• • Put general terms in the research title instead of specific terms. 
  • Avoid using words that serve no useful purpose and can mislead indexers.
• • Makes use of literature reviews, continuous readers, and past studies
  • Repetition of a prior research study in a different setting and time is called replication
  • Relates to an individual's curiosity and interest
  • Can be commonly based on circumstances with the following characteristics:
• Research problem:

  • States the area of concern of the research paper
  • Sets the direction of the research study
  • Provides the foundation for the research hypothesis
  • Defines what kind of research study is suitable to address the problem
  • Conveys a feeling of discomfort or difficulty
  • Perceived difficulty in broad subjects such as family affairs, home management, and leadership system
  • Displays a gap between theory and practice
  • Utilizes a procedure requiring technologically advanced equipment
  • Involves the experience of any kind of individual
  • Shows some kind of pattern or trend
• Problems is said to be researchable when the following criteria are met

  1. Solutions are available but not yet tested and not yet known by the practitioner.
  2. No solutions are available to answer the gap or the problem being assessed.
  3. When the given answers or solutions, as well as the possible results, are seemingly untested or are factually contradictory with each other.
  4. A phenomenon requiring an explanation has occurred.
  5. There are several possible and plausible explanations for the existence of an undesirable condition.
• ELEMENTS IN A RESEARCH TITLE

  • Major Variables
  • Participants of the Study
  • Topic or Themes
  • Output