studies

• Memory


  process by which we register, store and retrieve information about events that have happened in the past.
• Sensory Register- CCD


  Coding- Multiple stores (Echoic + Visual= Main)

  Capacity- Large

  Duration- Miilliseconds.
• Short Term Memory- CCD

  Coding- Acoustic

  Capacity- 7 + - 2

  Duration- up to 18 sec without rehersal
• Long Term Memory CCD

  Coding- Semantic

  Capacity- Unlimited

  Duration- Lifetime
• What is the Sensory Register composed of?

  Multiple sections, one for each of our senses.
• How long can the Sensory Register retain information?

  Less than half a second.
• What is required for information to pass further into the memory system from the Sensory Register?

  Attention.
• What does STM stand for?

  Short-Term Memory
• What is the duration of information storage in Short-Term Memory without rehearsal?

  18 to 30 seconds
• How is information stored in Short-Term Memory?

  Acoustically (sounds)
• What is the limited capacity of Short-Term Memory according to Miller (1956)?

  7±2 items
• Where does the information in Short-Term Memory come from?

  Paying attention to sensory information
• What does LTM stand for?

  Long-Term Memory
• What is the nature of information storage in Long-Term Memory?


  Continual storage of information largely outside of our awareness.
• How is information stored in Long-Term Memory?

  Semantically (by meaning).
• What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory?

  It can hold a potentially unlimited amount of information.
• How long can information be stored in Long-Term Memory?

  For up to a lifetime.
• Who conducted research on the capacity of short-term memory in 1887?

  Jacobs
• What method did Jacobs use to study short-term memory capacity?

  Serial digit span
• In Jacobs' study, what were participants asked to do?

  Learn and repeat back a string of letters/numbers
• What is the capacity of short term memory?

  The capacity of short term memory is limited.
• What is the average recall for digits in short term memory?

  9.3 digits
• What is the average recall for letters in short term memory?

  7.3 letters
• How many items can we roughly remember in short term memory?

  7 items
• A03 JACOBS stm capacity


  Out of date

  lack of control as participants could rehearse
• Who conducted the study on STM duration in 1959?

  Peterson & Peterson

  24 participants
• What type of stimuli were participants presented with in the Peterson & Peterson study?

  Trigrams (strings of three consonants, e.g. XQF)
• What was the maximum time participants had to recall the trigrams in the Peterson & Peterson study?

  18 seconds
• What task did participants perform to prevent rehearsal during the recall pauses in the Peterson & Peterson study?

  Counted down in threes from a set number (interference task)
• What is the accuracy rate for trigram recall after 3 seconds?

  80%
• What is the accuracy rate for trigram recall after 18 seconds?

  10%
• What does the STM duration findings suggest about the duration of short-term memory when rehearsal is prevented?

  STM duration is limited to roughly 18 seconds.
• AO3 P and P Stm duration

  reliable

  low external validity
• What study provided evidence for long-term memory duration?

  Bahrick et al. (1975)
• How many graduates participated in the Bahrick et al. (1975) study?

  392 graduates
• What age range did the participants in the Bahrick et al. (1975) study cover?

  Aged 17-74
• What methods were used to test recall in the Bahrick et al. (1975) study?

  Photo recognition and free recall using high school yearbook
• What is the accuracy of long-term memory (LTM) with photos after 15 years?

  90% accuracy
• What is the accuracy of long-term memory (LTM) with photos after 48 years?

  60-70% accuracy
• What is the free recall accuracy of long-term memory (LTM) after 15 years?

  60% accuracy