Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy is the Study of internal and external structures of the body and their relationships with each other
• Physiology is the Study of how organs, tissues, cells, and biochemical processes function together.
• Anatomy


  Study of Structure
• Physiology

  Study of Function
• The common functions of all living things include

  1-Reponsiveness

  2-Growth

  3-Reproductive

  4-Movement

  5-Metabolism
• Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic


  Visible to Unaided eyes
• Surface Anatomy

  Study of general form and superficial markings
• Regional Anatomy


  Study of all superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body
• Systemic Anatomy


  The structure of major organ systems (group of organs that function together in a coordinated manner)
• Microscopic Anatomy


  Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification
• Cytology


  Study of Cells
• Histology


  Study of Tissues
• Human Physiology


  Study of the functions of Human body
• Cell Physiology


  Study of the functions of living cells
• Special Physiology


  Study of the specific organs
• Systemic Physiology

  Study of the Specific Organ System
• Pathological Physiology or Pathology

  Study of Disease
• 6 Levels of Oragnization

  1-Chemical (or molecular) Atoms

  2-Cellular

  3-Tissues

  4-Organs

  5-Organs System

  6-Organism
• Homeostasis


  The existence of a stable internal environment.

  If homeostasis fail, organ systems begin to malfunction, producing a state known as illness, or disease.
• Homeostatic Regulator


  1-Receptor-sensitive to change

  2-Control Center-received and processes

  3-Effector-respond to the command of control center and apposes or reinforces the stimulus
• Negative Feedback


  Triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.
• Positive Feedback


  Reinforces that responses
• Anatomical Position

  Hands at the sides with the palms facing forward, and feet together
• Supine Position

  Lying down facing up
• Prone Position

  Lying down facing down
• 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  1-Right Upper Quadrant

  2-Left Upper Quadrant

  3-Right Lower Quadrant

  4-Left Lower Quadrant
• 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

  1-Umbilical--center

  2-Epigastric--upper center

  3-Hypogastric--lower center

  4-5 Right and Left Hypochondriac--upper

  6-7 Right and Left Lumbar--center

  8-9 Right and Left Inguinal--lower
• Anatomical Directions

  Superior-Above

  Inferior-Below

  Posterior or Dorsal-Back

  Anterior or Ventral-Front

  Cranial-Head

  Caudal-Butt

  Superfical-Body Surface

  Deep-Farther from the body surface

  Proximal-Toward an attached base

  Distal-Away from na attached base

  Medial-Toward the body longitudinal axis

  Lateral-Away the body longitudinal axis
• 3 Sectional Planes

  1-Transverse Plane-Head to Foot axis of the body dividing the body into SUPERIOR (top) AND INFERIOR (bottom) portions. (cross section)

  2-Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane-Side to Side axis of the body dividing the body into ANTERIOR (back) AND POSTERIOR (front) portions.

  3-Sagittal Plane-Front to Back axis of the body dividing the body into LEFT AND RIGHT portions.

  MIDSAGITTAL SECTION- divided body in even portions left and right (Note that a midsagittal section does not cut through the legs)
• Body Cavities

  1-Protect Organs

  2-allow to change in size and shape of an organs (expand or compress)
• Ventral Body Cavity or Coelom


  It contains organs of the Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive Systems.
• Diaphragm


  A flat muscular sheet divides the ventral body cavity into a superior THORACIC CAVITY bounded by the chest wall, and an inferior ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
• Viscera


  The internal ORGANS within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
• Serous Membrane


  2 delicate layers line and wall fill with fluids

  Visceral Layer-on the organ

  Parietal Layer-around the organ
• The Thoracic Cavity

  Pericardial Cavity-Heart

  Pleural Cavity-Lungs
• Pericacardial Cavity

  Visceral Pericardium-Layer cover the surface of the heart

  Parietal Pericardium-The lining layer of the heart
• Pleural Cavity

  Visceral Pleura-Layer cover the the surface of the lung

  Parietal Pleura-The lining layer of the lung
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity


  Contains the Peritonel Cavity, chamber lined by a serous membrane known as Peritoneum.

  Visceral Peritoneum-Layer cover the surface of the abdominopelvic

  Parietal Peritoneum-The lining layer of the abdominopelvic
• Mediastium


  Separate two Lungs
• Mid Coronal


  Divide Anterior and Posterior (Hip Bone)