His lec 2

• A system is a group of interrelated components with a clearly defined boundary working towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
• Systems have three basic functions: Input, Processing, and Output
• Input involves capturing and assembling elements that enter the system to be processed, such as raw materials, energy, data, and human effort
• Processing involves transformation processes that convert input into output, examples include manufacturing processes, human breathing process, or mathematical calculations
• Output involves transferring elements produced by a transformation process to their ultimate destination, such as finished products, human services, and management information
• An open system interacts with other systems in its environment
• An adaptive system has the ability to change itself or its environment to survive
• 2 Categories of Software:

  • System Software
  • Application Software
• System Software includes operating systems, language translators, utility software, and firmware like BIOS
• Application Software includes proprietary software, customized software, and examples of malware and software piracy
• 5 Hardware Types:

  • Input devices (keyboard and mouse)
  • CPU (central processing unit)
  • Output devices (softcopy and hardcopy like printers)
  • Secondary storage device
  • Peripheral devices for sharing like routers
• Generations of Programming Languages:

  • 1GL: Machine Language
  • 2GL: Assembly Language
  • 3GL: High-level language
  • 4GL: Very high-level language
  • 5GL: Natural language
• Examples of 2GL mnemonics include JMP (to jump), MOV (to move), and LDA (to load accumulator)
• Healthcare Information Systems (HCIS) are composed of hardware and software used to electronically create, maintain, analyze, store, or receive information to help in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
• There are two primary classes of healthcare information systems: Administrative and Clinical
• Administrative information systems contain administrative or financial data to support management functions and general operations of healthcare organizations
• Clinical information systems contain clinical or health-related information used by providers in diagnosing and treating patients
• Clinical Information Systems are the main tool for nurses and physicians and include modules like Clinical Documentation, Medication Administration, and Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
• Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) has the potential to reduce medication errors and adverse drug events by accepting physician orders electronically
• Medication Administration Systems utilize bar-code or RFID technology to improve patient safety
• Telemedicine is the use of electronic communications to improve patients' health status and can include specialist referral services, patient consultations, and remote patient monitoring
• Types of telemedicine services include Store and Forward for transferring digital images and Two-way interactive videoconferencing
• Telemedicine is primarily used for transferring digital images from one location to another
• Two-way interactive videoconferencing is used when a face-to-face consultation is necessary
• Telesurgery enables surgeons in one location to remotely control a robotic arm to perform surgery in another location
• Telehealth refers to a broader view of remote healthcare, including accessing remote health information, diagnostic images, and education
• Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) is the electronic transmission of prescription information from the prescriber's computer to a pharmacy computer
• Departmental Information Systems are dedicated software applications for specialized departments in a hospital, such as PACS and RIS in the radiology department
• PACS stands for Picture Archiving and Communication System, providing rapid access to medical images and managing large amounts of data in a space-saving way
• RIS (Radiology Information System) ensures a smooth paperless radiology workflow, supporting tasks like patient registration, scheduling, result entry, and reporting
• Hospital Information Systems (HIS) are designed to manage all hospital's medical and administrative information to improve the quality of healthcare
• HIS components include enterprise functions, business processes, application components, and physical data processing components
• Healthcare documentation has two parts: information capture and report generation
• Data quality standards are set by organizations like MRI (Medical Records Institute) and AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association)
• Key principles in healthcare information systems include unique patient identification, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, and accessibility
• Data errors can be systematic or random, leading to poor-quality data and information
• A framework for ensuring data quality includes data error prevention, detection, and actions for improvement
• * is data about the performance of a system.

  * is the component that monitors and evaluates feedback and makes any necessary adjustments to the input and processing components to ensure that proper output is produce

  Feedback

  control
• can be drawn from multiple resources while being managed and shared

  Personal Health Record (PHR)
• Data and information needed for the health care organization’s general information such as general accounting, financial planning, personnel administration, and facility planning.

  general information