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• Intellectual property


  The creation of mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, names, and images used in commerce
• Copyright


  A legal device that gives the creator of literary, artistic, musical or other creative works the sole right to publish and sell that work
• Copyright owners have the right to control the reproduction of their work, including the right to receive payment for that reproduction
• Copyright


  1. An author may grant or sell those rights to others, including publishers or recording companies

  2. Violation of a copyright is called infringement
• Copyright validity period in the Philippines

  • Literary works: During the lifetime of the author plus 50 years after death
  • Art: 25 years from the date of creation
  • Photographic work: 50 years from publication
  • Audio-visual work: 50 years from publication
  • Sound recording: 50 years from year recording took place
  • Broadcast recording: 20 years from date of broadcast
  • Trademark: Valid for 10 years and may be renewed for a periods of 10 years
  • Invention patent: Valid for 20 years from filing date application
• Patent


  Provides the patent owner with the right to decide how, or whether, the invention can be used by others in exchange for his right. The patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.
• Design patent applications


  • The famous gravity-defying lean of Michael Jackson
  • The Shoes That Made Michael Jackson's Anti-Gravity Lean Possible Was Granted A Patent and It Expired In 2005 For Non Payment of Maintenance Fees
• Trademark


  A sign capable of distinguishing goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprise
• Industrial design


  The ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article/object
• Geographical indications and appellations of origin


  Signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin
• Guidelines for Fair Use


  • A majority of the content you create must be your own
  • Give credit to the copyright holder
  • Don't make money off of the copyrighted work
• Creative commons


  An American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public.
• Creative commons licenses

  • Attribution: You must credit the creator
  • Non-Commercial: You can't make a profit
  • No Derivative Works: You can't change the content
  • Share Alike: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the same license as the original
• Plagiarism


  An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author
• Types of plagiarism (sources not cited)

  • The Ghost Writer: The writer turns in another's work, word-for-word, as his or her own
  • The Photocopy: The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration
  • The Potluck Paper: The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing
  • The Poor Disguise: Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper's appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases
  • The Labor of Laziness: The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work
  • The Self-Stealer: The writer 'borrows" generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions
• Types of plagiarism (sources cited)

  • The Forgotten Footnote: The writer mentions an author's name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced
  • Misinformer: The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them
  • The Too-perfect Paraphrase: The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it
  • The Resourceful Citer: The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!
  • The Perfect Crime: The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation
• Cyber bullying


  Takes place online by using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers and tablets over communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat and websites
• Examples of cyber bullying

  • Text messages or emails composed to insult or demean
  • Rumors or false statements spread by email or posted on social networking sites
  • Humiliating photos, videos, websites or fake profiles deliberately shared across social media
• Computer addiction


  The excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use may, for example, interfere with work or sleep, resulting in problems with social interaction or affect mood, relationships and thought processes
• Digital divide


  An economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT. The divide within countries (such as the digital divide in the United States) can refer to inequalities between individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas at different socioeconomic (and other demographic) levels. The global digital divide designates countries as units of analysis and examines the divide between developing and developed countries on an international scale