nucmed 2 last part

• A dynamic or "flow“ study of a particular structure is generally used to evaluate blood

  perfusion to the tissue.
• ▪DYNAMIC IMAGING


  Images may be acquired and displayed in time

  sequence as short as one tenth of a second to

  longer than 10 minutes per image.
• DYNAMIC IMAGING


  is commonly used for

  first-pass cardiac studies, hepatobiliary studies,

  and gastric emptying studies.
• WHOLE-BODY IMAGING


  ▪In this type of imaging, the gamma camera

  collects data as it passes over the body.
• WHOLE-BODY IMAGING


  Earlier detector systems were smaller and

  required as many as two or three incremental pa

  se to encompass the entire width of the body.
• WHOLE-BODY IMAGING


  During the past several years the detector

  width for whole-body systems has been

  increased to allow for a single head-to-foot pass

  that encompasses the entire body from side to

  side.
• WHOLE-BODY IMAGING


  ▪Whole-body imaging systems are used primarily

  for whole-body bone scans, whole-body tumor or

  abscess imaging, and other clinical and research

  applications
• STATIC IMAGING


  This image can be thought of as a "snapshot“

  of the radiopharmaceutical distribution within a

  part of the body.
• STATIC IMAGING


  ▪Examples of static images include lung scans,

  spot bone scan images, and thyroid images.

  ▪Static images are usually obtained in various

  orientations around a particular structure to

  demonstrate all aspects of that structure.
• STATIC IMAGING


  In static imaging, low radiopharmaceutical

  activity levels are used to minimize radiation

  exposure to the patients.
• STATIC IMAGING


  This time frame may vary from a few seconds

  to several minutes to acquire 100,000 to more

  than 1 million counts.
• STATIC IMAGING


  ▪ Generally, it takes from 30 seconds to 5

  minutes to obtain a sufficient number of counts

  to produce a satisfactory image.
• IMAGING METHODS

  A wide variety of diagnostic imaging

  examinations are performed in nuclear medicine.
• IMAGING METHODS

  ▪These examinations can be described on the

  basis of the imaging method used: static, whole

  body, dynamic, SPECT, and positron emission

  tomography (PET).
• QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS


  Specialized software allows computers to

  collect, process, and analyze functional

  information obtained from nuclear medicine

  imaging systems.
• QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS


  ▪Cardiac ejection fraction is one of the more

  common quantitative studies.
• COMPUTER


  ▪Computer systems are used to acquire and

  process data from gamma cameras.
• COMPUTER


  ▪They allow data to be collected over a specific

  time frame or to a specified number of counts.
• COMPUTER


  The computer also allows the operator to

  enhance a particular structure by adjusting the

  contrast and brightness of the image.
• COMPUTER


  Electronically stored records can decrease

  reporting turnaround time, physical image

  storage requirements, and the use of personnel

  for record maintenance and retrieval.
• COMPUTER


  ▪ Long-term computerized records can also form

  the basis for statistical analysis to improve

  testing methods and predict disease courses.
• COMPUTER


  ▪Radioactive dosage and dose volumes can be

  calculated more quickly by computer than by

  hand.
• COMPUTER


  ▪ The nuclear pharmacy computer system may

  be used to provide reminders and keep record

  as required by the Nuclear Regulatory

  Commission (NRC), the U.S. Food and Drug

  Administration (FDA), and individual state

  regulatory agencies.
• COMPUTER


  ▪Computers can also assist in the scheduling of

  patients, based on dose availability and

  department policies.
• COMPUTER


  ▪SPECT use a scintillation camera that moves

  around the patient to obtain images from multiple

  angles for tomographic image reconstruction.
• COMPUTER


  ▪SPECT use a scintillation camera that moves

  around the patient to obtain images from multiple

  angles for tomographic image reconstruction.
• COMPUTER


  ▪SPECT studies are complex and, like magnetic

  resonance imaging (MRl) studies, require a great

  deal of computer processing to create images in

  transaxial, sagittal, or coronal planes.
• COMPUTER


  ▪Rotating three-dimensional images can also be

  generated from SPECT data.
• COMPUTER

  ▪In a network, several or many computers are

  connected so that they all have access to the

  same files, programs, printers, etc.

  ▪ Networking allows the movement of both

  image- based and text based data to any

  computer or printer in the network.
• COMPUTER


  ▪Networking improves the efficiency of a nuclear

  medicine department.

  ▪A computer network can serve as a vital

  component, reducing the time expended on

  menial tasks while allowing retrieval and

  transferal of information.
• COMPUTER


  Centralized archiving, printing, and retrieval of

  the majority of image-based and

  nonimage-based data have increased the

  efficiency of data analysis, reduced the cost of

  image hard copy, and permitted more

  sophisticated analysis of image data than would

  routinely be possible.
• QA programme is reviewed through Audits
• Internal*

  staff from other work

  areas within the

  organization
• External*

  independent

  organization
• QA AUDITS


  scheduled on the basis of the status and

  importance of the activity
• QA AUDITS


  conducted by people technically competent to

  evaluate the processes, but not having any

  direct responsibility on that activity
• QA AUDITS


  following written procedures and checklists
• QA AUDITS


  including medical, technical and procedural

  checks, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and

  efficiency of the QA programme.
• External audits are generally required for an accredited practice.
• Components of the Quality Management System (QMS)

  Quality assurance

  ❑ Quality improvement

  ❑ Quality control

  – The aim of a QMS is to ensure that the

  deliverables meet the requirements set forth by

  the users.