GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM

• Loyalty to the nation began only after the unjust

  execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora

  on Feb. 17, 1872.
• he principal ideas of liberalism

  • liberty and equality - were first realized

  successfully in the American Revolution and then

  achieved in part in the French Revolution
• The idea of liberty also meant specific individual

  freedoms:

  freedom of the press

  freedom of speech

  freedom of assembly; and

  • freedom from arbitrary arrest
• Democracy became a way of life in many

  European countries, like Britain, Belgium, and

  Switzerland.
• Democracy was gradually established thru the

  following means:

   promulgation of laws that advance democracy

   undertaking of reforms thru legislation

   abolition of slavery

   adoption of a liberal constitution
• Democracy was gradually established thru the

  following means:

   providing the citizens the opportunity to

  propose laws

   adoption of manhood suffrage and

   granting of political, economic and social rights

  to the people
• Democracy was non-existent in the Philippines in

  the 19th century.
• The Philippines was denied representation in the

  Spanish Cortes since 1833.
• The ecclesiastical and civil authorities then were

  not inclined to grant basic human rights to the

  Filipinos, as it will be detrimental to Spain's colonial

  administration of the Philippines.

  RISE
• They believed that if the Filipinos will enjoy basic

  human rights and freedom, they would be

  motivated to work for independence and topple

  down the Regime.
• One of the most crucial developments in the 19th

  century was the Industrial Revolution
• Industrial Revolution

  • refers to the transformation of manufacturing

  brought about by the invention and use of

  machines
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  *This development started in England and later on

  spread into Belgium, France, Germany and even the

  United States.
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  The invention of machines and their use in

  manufacturing brought about significant changes in

  people's lives.
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  *Some of the positive effects brought about by this

  development:

   The rise of the factory system;

   Mass production of essential and non-essential

  goods;

   Improvement of people's standard of living;

   Greater urbanization of society;

   Beginnings of specialization or division of labor;

   Invention of labor-saving devices;

   The beginnings of industrial capitalism

   Fostering of liberalism and nationalism; and

   Encouragement of people's mobility.
• Industrial revolution BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760

  Manufacturing

   Spinning jenny

   Spinning frame

   Spinning shuttle

   Cotton gin

   Sewing machine
• Transportation

   Steam boats

   Steam locomotives

   Airplanes

   Automobiles

   Balloons
• Communication

   Telephone

   Telegraph

   Wireless telegraphy

   Cable

   Postal service

   Newspapers
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  *On the other hand, there were negative effects of

  Industrial Revolution to people.

   Widening of the gap between the rich and the

  poor;

   Unending economic warfare between labor and

  capital;

   Pollution and other environmental problems;

   Beginning of child and women labor; and

   Intensification of imperialistic rivalry between

  and among industrialized countries.
• In the Philippines, Industrial revolution caused the displacement of

  the farmers from their land.
• LIBERALS

  laissez-faire policy or government's non-

  interference in the conduct of trade and business

  has to be sustained for the continuous expansion of

  the conomy.
• SOCIALIST

  *The socialists assert that the government has to

  control vital industries and resources. This is

  necessary in promoting equality of opportunity and

  people's welfare in society.
• The communists, on the other hand, suggest that

  all factors of production be owned and controlled

  by the government. Equality in society can be

  achieved if social classes are destroyed and

  dictatorship of the proletariat is established.
• Conversely, the Catholic Church calls for humane

  treatment of workers, respect for workers' rights,

  and social justice for the poor.
• It also enjoined the government to regulate the

  use of private property and provide humane and

  favorable working conditions for the proletariat.
• The rapid expansion of scientific knowledge

  profoundly influenced Western thought in the 19th

  century (Hunt et al, 1995)
• Breakthroughs in industrial technologyenormously stimulated basic scientific inquiry.
• The result was an explosive growth of

  fundamental scientific discoveries from 1830s

  onward.
• This was a result of the Age of Enlightenment

  during the 18th century, when blind belief and

  dogma were challenged by the principle that

  everything could be explained by reason
• The scientific revolution gained headway in

  Western European countries like Germany, France

  and England, which became centers of learning in

  the 19th century
• he triumph of science and technology had at

  least three significant consequences:

  1. Everyday experience and innumerable scientists

  impressed the importance of science on the mind of

  ordinary citizens.
• The triumph of science and technology had at least three

  significant consequences:

  2. As science became more prominent in popular

  thinking, the philosophical implications of science

  spread to broad sections of the population.

  Technical advances led the people to develop

  optimistic faith in man's capability to achieve

  progress.
• The triumph of science and technology had at

  least three significant consequences:

  3. The methods of science acquired unrivaled

  prestige after 1850.

  For many, the union of careful experiment and

  abstract theory was the only route to truth and

  objective reality.
• German, French, and English scientists were at the

  forefront of this revolution and abroad, the explorers,

  archaelogists, and anthropologists scoured all parts of

  the world for new discoveries.
• Rizal left Spain for more advanced

  studies in Germany and France to improve his

  competencies as a physician.
• The optimism of the century was summed by

  Marquis de Condorcet in his work, Sketch for a

  Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human

  Mind.
• He saw that “the strongest reasons for believing

  that nature has set no limit to the realization of

  our hopes”

  MArquis de Condorcet
• He foresaw the following:

  1. The abolition of inequality between nations;

  2. The progress of equality between nations;

  3. The true perfection of humanity
• Optimism and confidence in progress can be

  gleaned from the achievements of men in the 19th

  century.

  *Notable among these were the following

  (Capino,1977)

  1. Extension of human rights to many people;

  2. Promotion of higher education for men and

  women;

  3. Education for nationalism in schools;

  4. Investment in science to serve mankind;

  5. Improvement of public health thru the

  establishment of numerous hospitals; and

  6. Emergence of realistic literature, depicting the

  life of the time.