FE 2

• What type of bacteria are Bacteroides?

  Anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria
• Where are Bacteroides primarily found?

  On mucosal surfaces in the alimentary tract
• What is the significance of Bacteroides being opportunistic pathogens?

  They can cause infections under certain conditions
• What is Dichelobacter nodosus known for?

  It is a primary pathogen of ruminant hooves
• What disease is Dichelobacter nodosus an important agent of?

  Foot-rot in sheep
• What is the shape and motility of Dichelobacter nodosus?

  Large, piliated, rod-shaped and non-motile
• What are the predisposing factors for Dichelobacter nodosus infection?

  Maceration of feet, minor wounds, abrasions
• How does Dichelobacter nodosus invade the hooves of sheep?

  By colonizing the stratum corneum first
• How is Dichelobacter nodosus diagnosed?

  By smears stained with Gram's stain
• Which antibiotics is Dichelobacter nodosus sensitive to?

  Penicillin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
• What is the role of copper sulfate in treating Dichelobacter nodosus infections?

  It is included in baths for foot treatment
• What are spirochetes characterized by?

  Flexous, slender, helically coiled structure
• How can spirochetes be visualized?

  By dark-field microscopy and fluorescent-antibody technique
• What is the significance of axial filaments in spirochetes?

  They aid in forward movement and rotation
• Which diseases are caused by Borrelia species?

  Fowl spirochetosis and Lyme disease
• What is the primary vector for Borrelia transmission?

  Ticks
• How is Borrelia anserina propagated?

  In embryonated hen’s eggs
• What is the cultivation temperature for Borrelia burgdorferi?

  33°C
• What is the primary disease caused by B. burgdorferi?

  Lyme disease
• What factors contribute to the spread of Lyme disease?

  Deer populations and human movement
• What are the common symptoms of Lyme borreliosis in dogs?

  Polyarthritis, fever, and anorexia
• How is Brachyspira classified?

  Previously named Treponema and Serpulina
• What is the primary disease caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

  Swine dysentery or blood scours
• What is the incubation period for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection?

  10-14 days
• What is the most consistent sign of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection?

  Chronic diarrhea
• What role does diet play in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection?

  Diets low in fiber worsen disease severity
• What are the common drugs used to treat Brachyspira infections?

  Tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, lincomycin
• What is the primary manifestation of Leptospira infection in dogs?

  Septicemic, hepatic, and renal issues
• What is the primary transmission route for Leptospira?

  Contact with urine-contaminated water
• What are the important serovars of Leptospira?

  1. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. canicola, L. pomona
• What is the significance of serovar hardjo in cattle?

  It causes "milk drop syndrome"
• How does Leptospira affect pregnant animals?

  Abortion is a common problem
• What is the primary method for diagnosing Leptospira infections?

  Dark-field microscopy and PCR
• What is the role of vaccination in controlling Leptospira infections?

  It helps prevent the disease
• What are the common symptoms of Leptospira infection in humans?

  Fever, muscle pains, and encephalitic symptoms
• What is the morphology of Mycoplasma?

  Extremely pleomorphic with various shapes
• Why do Mycoplasma stain poorly by the Gram method?

  They lack a cell wall
• What are the growth characteristics of Mycoplasma?

  Slow-growing with high nutrient demands
• What is the typical size of Mycoplasma colonies?

  0.01 to 1.0 mm
• How are Mycoplasma transmitted between animals?

  Through direct contact and aerosolization