8.Applied biology

• Factors of dairying:

  • Breeding, feeding and management of milk animals
  • Production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products on an economic basis
• Advantages of inbreeding:

  • Increases homozygosity and helps produce a pure line of animals
  • Helps in the accumulation of superior genes and elimination of undesirable genes
• Outcross:

  • Mating of animals of the same breed but having no common ancestor on either side of pedigree for 4-6 generations
  • Offspring of such a cross is an outcross
• Crossbreed:

  • Superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed
  • Offspring of such a mating is a crossbreed
• Layers:

  • Birds exclusively raised for the production of eggs
• Broilers:

  • Birds raised only for their meat, raised only up to 8 or 10 weeks and sent to market
• Apiculture:

  • Beekeeping
  • Maintenance of bee-hives for the production of honey and wax
• Drone bee:

  • Male honey bee
  • Does not have stingers
  • Short lifespan
  • Bigger than worker bee but smaller than queen bee
  • Primary role is to mate with a fertile queen
• Worker bee:

  • Sterile female bee
  • Have stingers
  • Live for two to three months
  • Smaller than drones
  • Secrete wax, build hexagonal cells of hive, collect nectar, manufacture and store honey, gather pollen, and make propolis
• Fishery is an occupation (industry) for catching, processing, storing and selling of fish or shellfish or any other aquatic animals for human consumption
• Aquaculture is the culturing of fish and other aquatic organisms (prawn, lobster, oysters, etc.) under regulated conditions for better production
• Pisciculture is the culturing and breeding of fin fish under regulated conditions
• Hypophysation (or induced breeding) is an artificial breeding process where pituitary extract or ovaprim is injected into brood fish to induce seed production
• Two Indian carps are Catla catla and Labeo rohita, and two exotic carps are Grass carp and Silver carp
• Fish by-products include Shark liver and cod liver oil, Omega 3 fatty acids in sardines and salmon, Fish guano (fertilizer from waste fish), and Isinglass (prepared from air bladder and used in clarification of wines)
• Insulin contains 51 amino acids, with 21 amino acids forming polypeptide chain A and 30 amino acids forming polypeptide chain B
• A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease, typically containing weakened or killed disease-causing organisms or proteins of microorganisms
• MRI Scan:

  • MRI means Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Uses magnetism, radio waves, and computer to produce body images
  • Does not use ionizing radiation like X-rays
  • MRI scanning is a very safe procedure
• Electrocardiography (ECG):

  • Procedure for recording electrical changes in the heart
  • Normal components of ECG:
  • Waves (P, Q, R, S, and T waves)
  • Intervals (P-R, Q-T, R-R intervals)
  • Segments (S-T segment)
  • Complexes (QRS complex)
• Prolonged P-R interval:

  • Normal P-R interval is 0.12 to 0.2 sec
  • Prolonged P-R interval indicates delay in conduction of impulses from S.A node to A.V. Node
• Primary antibodies:

  • React with antigens of interest
• Secondary antibodies:

  • React with primary antibodies
• Direct ELISA Test:

  • Used to detect Antigens
• Indirect ELISA Test:

  • Used to detect Antibodies