Physiology Exam 1 slides 3

• what does catabolism mean?

  breaking down into smaller molecules (ex. glycolysis)
• what does anabolism mean?

  building up into larger molecules (ex. photosynthesis)
• What is the solvent of all body fluids?

  water
• is the hydrolysis rxn catabolic or anabolic?

  catabolic (water is consumed)
• is the dehydration synthesis reaction catabolic or anabolic?

  anabolic (water is produced, metabolic H2O)
• What is the end result of metabolism?

  ATP (energy) generation
• gluconeogenesis meaning

  producing new glucose to go into ATP generation
• In the primary pathway, what is used as an energy source?

  glucose
• what can also be converted to "jump in" at certain points in the pathway?

  amino acids and lipids
• growth of bone during childhood is a what process?

  anabolic
• where does glycolysis occur?

  cytoplasm
• What goes in to glycolysis?

  glucose and 2 ATP
• What comes out of glycolysis?

  2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP (net)
• What happens if O2 is present in glycolysis?

  Pyruvate goes on to the prep reaction, CA, and ETC
• What happens if O2 isn't present in glycolysis?

  pyruvate goes on to fermentation
• How is the net calculated for ATP in glycolysis?

  4 ATP made-2 ATP used to start it=2 net ATP made
• In humans, fermentation of pyruvate creates what?

  lactic acid
• what is fermentation?

  Not enough O2 is present, lactic acid is made
• What does fermentation do?

  removes excess pyruvate and oxidizes NADH back to NAD+, turns pyruvate into lactate
• What enzyme is needed during fermentation to break NADH to NAD+?

  lactate dehydrogenase
• What happens in the prep reaction?

  pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
• What is the product of the prep reaction?

  1 NADH and 1 CO2 per pyruvate molecule!
• is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

  aerobic
• What enters the citric acid cycle?

  Acetyl-CoA
• What comes out of the citric acid cycle?

  4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2FADH2 and 2 ATP per glucose molecule (half per acetyl CoA)
• Does O2 need to be directly present in the CA cycle?

  No, but it stops without O2
• The citric acid cycle occurs where?

  In the mitochondrial matrix
• Where is the mitochondrial matrix located?

  Inside the inner membrane
• Where does the NADH and FADH2 go after the Citric acid cycle?

  Electron transport chain
• If you have a 16-carbon glucose molecule, how many acetyl CoA's would you get?

  eight
• How many carbons are there per acetyl CoA?

  Two
• Is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

  Aerobic
• Where does the ETC occur?

  Mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
• What do NADH and FADH2 do at the ETC?

  drop of electrons to help make ATP
• What do the electrons help pump through the proteins in the ETC?

  H+ protons into the intermembrane space
• What is pumped through ATP synthase at the ETC?

  H+ protons flow from high concentration to low concentration to bind to ADP
• What does the electron attach to at the end of the ETC?

  oxygen to make water
• What is the enzyme/protein that makes ATP called?

  ATP synthase
• How many ATPs are made from the ETC per glucose?

  32-34 ATP
• What are the two things triglyceride can be turned into to enter cellular respiration?

  Glycerol and fatty acids.