Tectonic Hazards

• finish the sentence: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are the result of ...

  physical processes
• what is the plate tectonics theory?

  The movement of the plates, and the activity inside the Earth, is called the theory of plate tectonics.

  
• What are plate margins?

  the border between two tectonic plates
• what is the global distribution of earthquakes?

  the earthquakes follow the plate boundaries across the globe. There is a large concentration of earthquakes near the Pacific such as northern Chile, New Zealand, The West Coast of the US. There are also many along the mid-atlantic ridge such as Iceland. There is a low concentration of earthquakes away from the plate boundaries such as the midpacific ocean.
• what is the global distribution of volcanoes?

  Volcanos follow the plate boundaries apart from Hawaii which is the hotspot. There is a large concentration near the Pacific Ring of Fire such as Indonesia and New Zealand. As well as eastern Africa. There is a belt of volcanoes through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, the mid-atlantic ridge.
• what is a constructive plate margin?

  two plates are moving apart

  
• what is a destructive plate margin?

  two plates are moving towards eachother

  
• what is conservative plate margin?


  two plate slide alongside each other

  
• how does a constructive plate margin lead to a volcanic eruption ?

  each plate moves at an average of 2 cm a year. The convection currents from the mantle cause the plates to move apart. As they move apart magma moves up to the surface and breaks through the crust. This can create shield volcanoes as they can have lava which runs.
• how does a destructive plate margin lead to a volcanic eruption ?

  The convection currents in the mantle are pushing the two plates towards each other. The Oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate becuase it is denser. As it moves down into the subduction zone, it melts causing excess magma. This rises to the surface to form composite volcanoes.
• how does a conservative plate margin lead to a volcanic eruption ?

  it doesn't as there is no magma.
• how does a constructuve plate margin lead to an earthquake?

  as they move apart and the magma forces its way upwards, small earthquakes are caused such as the mid atlantic underwater volcanoes.
• how does a destructive plate margin lead to an earthquake?

  Earthquakes occur as the two plates rubbing together causing friction. This causes a build up of magma and if the pressure slips an earthquake happens this causes very strong earthquakes with an epicenter on the surface, as well as fold mountains on the continental plate.
• how does a conservative plate margin lead to an earthquake?

  the convection currents in the mantle push the two plates in the same direction. sometimes, one plate moves faster then the other. There are no volcanoes or subduction or magma. Shallow focus earthquakes occur because of the friction. there is a high frequency of low magnitude earthquakes. larger earthquakes can occur if pressure builds up and slips violently.
• what is a primary effect?

  a direct initial impact of a natural event on people and property. this includes deaths and damage
• what is a secondary effect?

  the indirect after-effects that occur due to a natural event and can sometimes occur for a longer timescale. they are the result of primary effects such as tsunamis and landslides.
• what is a long-term response?

  later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event to help with reconstruction. Aiming to return people's lives back to normal and reducing future risk.
• what is a short term/immediate response?

  Actions taken in the first days after a disaster to immediately support and save lives.
• finish the sentence: the effects of, and responses to, a tectonic hazard ...

  vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth
• when did the japan earthquake happen?

  11th March 2011
• what was the name of the Japan earthquake?

  The Tohoku earthquake
• What time did the Japan earthquake happen?

  2:46 PM
• how many buildings did the Japan earthquake destroy?

  more than 120,000
• How many people did the Japan earthquake kill?

  15,899
• Where is Japan located?

  East Coast of Asia, East of South/North Korea, In the pacific ocean.
• What plate boundaries are involved in Japan and Nepal?

  the pacific plate, indo-australian plate, Philippines plate and Eurasian plate. the Eurasian plate is moving east whereas the Philippines plate is moving northwest. for Japan there was subduction of the pacific and Philippines plates as there are oceanic. for Nepal there was a collision zone but no subduction.
• what magnitude was the Japan earthquake?

  9.1 on the Richter Scale
• what is the literacy rate of Japan?

  99%
• what is the literacy rate of Nepal?

  67.9%
• How many people were killed in the Nepal earthquake?

  9000
• How much damage was caused in the Nepal earthquake?

  5-10 billion dollars worth
• What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?

  7.9 on the Richter scale
• what was the Date of the Nepal earthquake?

  25th April 2015
• What was the Time of the Nepal earthquake?

  shortly before noon
• What is the location of Nepal?

  East Asia, Between India and China and has the Himalayas.
• what plates are involved in Nepal?

  the Indo-Australian plate collided with the Eurasian Plate (this destructive plate margin is responsible for the Himalayas). The earthquake was very shallow but resulted in severe ground shaking, avalanches and landslides.
• What are the main primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?

  1) over 8 million people affected with 9,000 dead and hospitals were overwhelmed with those injured

  
  

  2) many structures crumbled including century old monuments

  
  

  3) roads were cracked/split

  
  

  5) 3 million left homeless with 7000 schools destroyed

  
  

  6) 50% if shops destroyed affecting education.
• What are the main secondary effects for the Japan earthquake??

  1) 20 mins after, a tsunami was produced and the earthquake dropped the seawalls by 2m which allowed the water to get past

  
  

  2) no power anywhere leading to darkness during the night-time.

  
  

  3) a flood of moving debris

  
  

  4) aftershocks from the earthquake (500)
• What are the main primary effects for the Japan earthquake?

  1) 95% of buildings destroyed

  
  

  2) groundshaking and the objects falling

  
  

  3) the shore being exposed

  
  

  4) less effect as it was 2:46 PM

  
  

  5) oil and gas pipelines being ruptured

  
  

  6) transport networks being halted

  
  

  7) epicenter 100km for the epicenter so it was subsided.

  
  

  
  

  8) 500 dead and 9,000 homeless
• What are the main secondary effects for the Nepal earthquake?

  1) shortage of food and water lead to dehydration

  
  

  2) not enough space, medical supplies or beds

  
  

  3) avalanche on Mount Everest killed 19 people.

  
  

  4) damaged airstrips so planes can't come in

  
  

  5) 300,000 children traumatised.

  
  

  6) landslides blocked off remote areas (schools and homes) and blocked the Gandaki River causing evacuation