CE Quiz 1

• Define an ortholouge and give an example of it.

  Orthologue- homologous proteins in diff species that evolve from common ancestor through speciation 

  • ancestors of humans and apes had a goblin gene which deviated after speciation
• Genes separated by speciation are called _____.

  Orthologues
• Genes separated by gene duplication events are called ____. 

  Commonly found in ____ different places in the genome.

  Are they regulated the same way?

  Can they only be genes?

  • Paralogues
  • 2
  • No
  • Can also be large pieces of chromosomes
• Describe how histone is an example of an orthologue.

  Histone allows DNA to wrap around itself to make DNA in a storable form. Essentially, there was an ancestral histone 1 gene. It shared sequence homology with a bacteria protein. Through a process called duplication, it made 2 copies of the gene.  One copy existed, does its job, while the other copy can change. Gave rise to chimpanzee and chimpanzee histone structure. Relationship between ancestral gene in bacteria gives rise to orthologues, human and chimpanzee histone are different because they arose from a speciation event.
• Gene duplication is associated with a cost in the genome
• The cost includes expenses related to maintaining, building, and keeping the duplicated genes correct
• Having extra copies of genes allows for the possibility of beneficial mutations and the development of new structures or physiologies
• Despite being expensive, the cost of gene duplication is considered worth it
• Gene duplication provides the opportunity to "play God" by allowing some gene copies to genetically drift and potentially lead to advantageous outcomes
• Gene duplication is a beneficial process that allows for the creation of extra capacity and sophistication in organisms
• An example of the benefits of gene duplication is the evolution of hemoglobin to control the chemistry of oxygen, which later gave rise to myoglobin
• Myoglobin helps in storing oxygen in muscles, enabling quick movement without waiting for oxygen to circulate in the blood
• This process is an example of a gain-of-function (GOF) mutation, providing extra physiological capacity that was not present before
• what mediates cell to cell communication?

  what occurs due to this type of communication?

  what is this type of communication called

  
  

  mediated through the secretion of hormones

  they can interact with cells throughout the body.

  this type of communication is called endocrinology