AP US History Period 7 unit

• Progressives argued that traditional political parties did not adequately address the major social problems of the industrial age such as poverty, economic inequality, lack of access to healthcare, and corruption in government.
• Some progressive leaders advocated for direct democracy, where citizens would have greater control over their own lives and communities.
• One key issue during this time period was the need for increased regulation of business practices, particularly those related to monopolies and trusts.
• Republican leadership in the 1920s accepted limited government regulation to stabilize business
• Harding approved a reduction in income tax, an increase in tariff rates, and the establishment of the Bureau of the Budget
• Coolidge believed in limited government for businesses to conduct their own affairs
• Economic development in the 1920s included unemployment below 4%, increased standard of living, and increased income for middle and working classes
• Business boom between 1919 and 1929 with increased productivity and adoption of the assembly line
• Government policy favored the growth of big business with corporate tax cuts and lax enforcement of antitrust laws
• Tax cuts for high-income Americans contributed to income imbalance
• Automobiles replaced railroads as a key promoter of economic growth
• Labor union membership declined by 20% with some companies practicing welfare capitalism
• Progressives in the early 20th century called for greater government action to address political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns
• Progressives believed in government as the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills
• Pragmatism emphasized a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge
• Muckraking publications exposed inequalities and corruption, leading to corrective action
• Adoption of secret ballots, direct primaries, direct election of US senators, initiatives, referendums, and recall
• Temperance led to the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in some states
• Child labor laws and the "Square Deal" promoted conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection
• Acceptance of socialist ideas such as the eight-hour workday, pensions for employees, and ownership of utilities
• During the 1930s, policymakers responded to the Great Depression by transforming the US into a limited welfare state
• New Deal programs enacted in the first 100 days included bank holidays, increased regulation of banks, and relief agencies
• Second New Deal focused on relief and reform with programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Wagner Act
• Social Security Act established a federal insurance program based on automatic collection from employees and employers
• Fair Labor Standards Act set minimum wage, maximum workweek, and child labor restrictions
• Keynesian theory supported deficit spending for economic growth
• Severe drought in the early 1930s led to the Dust Bowl and migration to California
• African Americans faced higher unemployment rates, and the Indian Reorganization Act supported tribal lands and culture preservation
• Popular culture grew in influence in the US society in the early 20th century
• Youth expressed rebellion through jazz music and new dance steps
• Radio, movies, and fashion inspired greater promiscuity and support for birth control
• Universal high school education became a new American goal
• Prohibition led to speakeasies and eventually was repealed in 1933
• The Great Migration and immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe caused variations in internal and international migration patterns
• African Americans and Mexicans migrated for economic reasons, facing push factors like segregation and violence
• Racial tensions and race riots increased in Northern cities after World War I
• Jewish immigrants played a major role in American musical theater
• Quota laws limited immigration based on nationality, and the KKK targeted various groups
• Mexicans migrated legally to the Southwest, and the KKK experienced a resurgence targeting minorities