IT

• The internet is the global network that connects all computers, devices, and networks around the world.
• The earliest humans used their fingers to count and take account of things
• The abacus consists of a wooden frame, rods, and beads where each rod represents a different place value and each bead represents a number
• John Napier created Napier's Bones in 1614, a tool for multiplying and dividing numbers
• Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline between 1642 to 1644, a calculating machine for addition and subtraction
• Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the Step Reckoner, a calculating machine that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide
• Charles Babbage designed the Automatic Difference Engine No. 1 and the Analytic Engine, considered the Father of modern computers
• Lady Ada Lovelace is recognized as the first programmer for creating the world's first computer program
• Dr. Herman Hollerith developed a punched card tabulating system for the U.S. census in 1880
• The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory
• Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the first truly electronic computer, in 1939-1942
• Dr. Howard Aiken and IBM completed the Mark I in 1944, the first electro-mechanical computer capable of making logical decisions
• Mark I:

  • Programmed by means of a punched paper tape
  • Instructions could be altered
  • Realization of Babbage's dream
• Grace Hopper:

  • Primary programmer for the Mark I
  • Coined the term "debugging" to describe the work of eliminating program errors
  • Found a dead moth in the Mark I, leading to the term "bug" for defects
• ENIAC:

  • First all electronic computer
  • Designed by J. Prosper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
  • Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
  • Used for computing aircraft courses, shell trajectories, and breaking codes during World War II
  • Occupied a 20 x 40 foot room
  • Programmed by jumper wires plugged into a large board
• ENIAC SIX:

  • Team of 6 women who assisted in the operation and programming of ENIAC
  • Responsible for reprogramming the machine manually by reconnecting cables and adjusting switches
  • Dubbed the ENIAC SIX
• EDVAC:

  • Successor to ENIAC
  • Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
  • First stored program computer
  • Working with binary numbers
  • Reviewed by John von Neumann who proposed improvements
• UNIVAC:

  • Built by Eckert and Mauchly
  • First practical electronic computer
  • Used by the Bureau of Census
  • Mass produced
  • Used magnetic tape for output
• IBM 650:

  • First electronic computer for business
  • IBM's first mass-produced computer
  • Installed at General Electric Appliance Park in 1954
  • Over 1000 units sold
• Transistor Computers:

  • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers
  • Transistor invented in 1947 at Bell Labs
  • Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and reliable
• TX-0:

  • First general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors
  • Constructed at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory
  • Hosted early imaginative tests of programming
• IBM 7000:

  • IBM's first mainframe computers to use transistors
  • Model 7030 known as "Stretch"
  • Nine units sold, mainly to national laboratories and major scientific users
• Integrated Circuit Computers:

  • Third generation of computers
  • Integrated circuit developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
  • Transistors miniaturized and placed on silicon chips
  • Increased speed and efficiency of computers
• IBM 360:

  • Introduction of the third-generation computers in 1964
  • IBM System/360 introduced hybrid circuits
• PDP-8:

  • First integrated circuit minicomputer
  • Produced by Digital Equipment Corporation
  • Real revolution in computer cost and size began
• Microprocessor Computers:

  • Fourth generation of computers
  • Intel produced the first microprocessor chip, Intel 4004
  • 4-bit chip with 250 transistors
  • Today's chips are 64-bit
• Computer Hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system
• Computer hardware includes the physical parts or components of a computer
• The system unit contains the main components of the computer, including the motherboard, CPU, and power supply
• Monitors:

  • CRT Monitors contain a cathode ray tube
  • LCD Monitors contain liquid crystals with a backlight
  • LED Monitors are flat screens with light-emitting diodes for backlighting
• VGA Port:

  • Found in many computers, projectors, video cards, and HDTVs
  • Consists of 15 pins in 3 rows
  • Uses Analog signals
• DVI:

  • High-speed digital interface between a display controller and a monitor
  • Developed to transmit lossless digital video signals and replace VGA technology
• Display Port:

  • Digital display interface with optional audio and data channels
  • Developed to replace VGA and DVI ports
  • Latest version can handle resolutions up to 7680 X 4320
• HDMI:

  • Digital interface for connecting HD and UHD devices
  • Used to carry uncompressed video and audio signals
  • Commonly used by TVs
• Keyboards:

  • Main way to communicate with a computer
  • Different types available, but most allow basic tasks
  • Current layout traces back to the original IBM Model M Keyboard design
• Mouse:

  • Pointing device for selecting and moving objects on the screen
  • Two main types: optical and mechanical
  • Optical mouse uses electronic eye for movement detection
  • Mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball
• PS/2 Port:

  • Developed by IBM for connecting mouse and keyboard
  • Introduced with IBM Personal Systems/2 series of computers
  • Color-coded as purple for keyboard and green for mouse
• Other Peripherals:

  • Trackball: has a rotating ball for pointer movement
  • Touchpad: touch-sensitive pad for pointer control
  • Inkjet vs. Laser printer: used for printing documents and photos
  • Speakers and headphones: output devices for sound and music
  • Microphone: input device for recording sound
  • Web cameras: input device for recording videos and taking pictures
  • Scanners: copy physical images to digital format
  • USB: universal connection for peripherals
• Motherboard:

  • Central hub of the computer
  • Connects essential components like CPU, memory, and storage
  • Facilitates communication among different parts
• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

  • Computer's brain for rapid calculations and software execution