Biology

• The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities.
• Ribosomes are small structures involved in protein synthesis.
• Chromosomes are long strands of DNA that carry genetic information.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA.
• Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus.
• Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials within the cell.
• Mitochondria generate energy through cellular respiration.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, or waste products inside the cell.
• Cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier surrounding the cytoplasm, regulating what enters or exits the cell.
• Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside the cell where most chemical reactions occur.
• Nucleolus is a dense structure within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein production and transport.
• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy by using chlorophyll to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar molecules.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Vacuole stores water, nutrients, and wastes.
• Chloroplast is an organelle found only in plant cells, containing chlorophyll which absorbs light to produce glucose during photosynthesis.
• Golgi apparatus modifies proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into vesicles for transportation to other parts of the cell.
• Respiration involves breaking down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
• Active transport is the movement of particles to a place of higher concentration through the use of energy, moving against a concentration gradient
• Hypertonic is used to describe the more concentrated solution when comparing 2 solutions
• Hypotonic describes the less concentrated solutions
• Isotonic solutions have the same concentration
• Active transport is the movement of particles to a place of higher concentration through the use of energy, moving against a concentration gradient
• Hypertonic is used to describe the more concentrated solution when comparing 2 solutions
• Hypotonic describes the less concentrated solutions
• Isotonic solutions have the same concentration
• Enzyme


  A substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
• Catalyst


  A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
• Activation energy


  The minimum amount of extra energy required by a reacting molecule to get converted into a product
• Vesicles


  Made from the cell membrane and are used for active transport of things within and out of the cell
• Phagocytosis


  The process by which a phagocyte surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells
• Pinocytosis


  A process by which the cell takes in fluids along with dissolved small molecules by creating small pockets in the cell membrane
• Exocytosis


  A process that occurs when a cell moves large materials from inside the cell to the outside using vesicles, a form of active transport
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis


  A form of endocytosis where receptor proteins on the cell surface capture a specific target molecule
• Autotroph


  An organism that uses carbon dioxide as its carbon source, self-feeding
• Heterotroph


  An organism that uses organic compounds as its carbon source, other-feeding
• Phototroph


  An organism that uses light as its energy source
• Chemotroph


  An organism that uses chemicals as its energy source
• Organic


  Molecules that contain carbon and have been once in a living tissue, e.g. oxygen, sugar, DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids