chapter 9

• Pre Examination (preanalytical) phase Involves processes that occur before testing of the specimen
• Reference ranges/intervals Established using specimens from normal, healthy individuals
• Basal State is the resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning after fasting
• Age Values from some blood components vary depending on age
• Altitude -Some blood analytes show significant variation at higher elevations compared with results at sea level
• Dehydration -Decrease in total body fluid
• Hemoconcentration -Condition in which blood components that cannot easily leave the bloodstream and become concentrated in the smaller plasma
• Diet -Blood analyte can be altered by ingestion of food and drink
• Fasting -Done overnight after the last evening meal, with specimens collected the following morning before the patient has eaten 
• fasting is done in approximately 8 to 12 hours
• diurnal means happening daily
• circadian means having a 24-hour cycle
• Melatonin -Affected by light: increase at night, when it is dark
• Renin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -Maximum occur in the predawn hours of the morning during sleep
• Cortisol -Peak occurs later in the morning, around 8:00 a.m.
• Exercise - Effects vary, depending on the patient’s physical condition and the duration and intensity of the activity
• Fever -Affects hormones (Insulin, glucagon, cortisol)
• Sex -Biological sex affects the concentration of blood components
• Intramuscular injection -Can increase CK, LDH
• jaundice from word "jaune" means yellow
• jaundice is the increased in bilirubin
• 1st tube: hemolytic

  2nd tube: lipemic

  3rd tube: normal

  4th tube: icteric

  
• Pregnancy -Cause physiologic changes in the body
• Stress -Emotional stress such as anxiety, anxiety, fear, or trauma can cause transient (short-lived) elevations in WBCs.
• Environmental factors -Temperature and humidity affects composition of body fluids
• hematoma is the most common complication of venipuncture
• iatrogenic anemia is the adjective used to describe an adverse condition brought on by the effects of treatment
• infection is a rare procedural error that is minimized by using proper aseptic technique
• reflux of additive is the flow back into the patient's vein from tube
• nerve injury is a rare and serious phlebotomy complication that can result permanent damage
• hemoconcentration is the effect of prolonged tourniquet application
• prolonged tourniquet application causes venous status or venostasis
• hemolysis is due to damaged RBCs and leaked hemoglobin
• hemolysis can also be called as hemolyzed