Chemistry - ALL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LETS GO

• Functional group of an alcohol: Hydroxyl group -OH
• General formula of an alcohol: CnH2n+1OH
• Alcohols are named with one prefix and one suffix: Hydroxyl- OR -ol
• Alcohols have hydrogen bonding due to the electronegativity difference in the OH bond
• Alcohols have higher melting and boiling points compared to other hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths because they have hydrogen bonding, which is stronger than London forces
• Solubility of alcohols in water depends on chain length: Soluble when short chain - OH hydrogen bonds to water; Insoluble when long chain - non-polarity of C-H bond takes precedence
• Primary alcohol: C bonded to OH is only bonded to one other C atom
• Secondary alcohol: C bonded to OH is bonded to two other C atoms
• Tertiary alcohol: C bonded to OH is bonded to three other C atoms
• Equation for the combustion of ethanol: C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
• Partially oxidizing a primary alcohol forms an aldehyde
• Conditions for partial oxidation of a primary alcohol: Dilute sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), distill product as it’s produced, gentle heating
• Equation for the partial oxidation of ethanol: CH3CH2OH(l) + [O] → CH3CHO(g) + H2O(l)
• Fully oxidizing a primary alcohol forms a carboxylic acid
• Conditions for full oxidation of a primary alcohol: Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), reflux, strong heating
• Equation for the full oxidation of ethanol: CH3CH2OH(l) + 2[O] → CH3COOH(g) + H2O(l)
• Oxidizing a secondary alcohol forms a ketone
• Conditions for oxidation of a secondary alcohol: Concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium dichromate (VI), strong heating
• Equation for the oxidation of propan-2-ol: CH3CH(OH)CH3(l) + [O] → CH3COCH3(g) + H2O(l)
• Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized
• Dehydration reaction: A reaction where water is lost to form an organic compound
• Products of dehydration reaction of alcohol: Alkene and water
• Conditions required for dehydration of alcohol: Concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid and 170°C
• Products of halide substitution reaction with alcohol: Haloalkane and water
• Halide used in halide substitution reaction: In the form of hydrogen halide, e.g., HBr
• Hydrogen halide is made in situ by reacting a salt with acid to form the hydrogen halide, e.g., sodium bromide reacts with sulfuric acid to form HBr
• Haloalkanes are saturated organic compounds that contain carbon atoms and at least one halogen atom
• Halogenoalkanes are insoluble in water because C-H bonds are non-polar and not compensated for enough by C-X bond polarity
• Halogenoalkanes have a polar bond because halogen has a higher electronegativity than carbon
• They have permanent dipole-dipole and London forces of attraction due to C-X bond polarity creating permanent dipoles
• Higher boiling points are observed in halogenoalkanes with increased carbon chain length and halogens further down group 7
• The mass of a haloalkane is greater than that of an alkane of the same chain length because the mass of halogen is greater than the mass of hydrogen
• The strength of the carbon-halogen bond is the most important factor in determining halogen reactivity
• 1. F would be the most reactive based on bond polarity, as it is the most polar bond
• 1. I would be the most reactive based on bond enthalpies, as it has the lowest bond enthalpy
• A primary halogen is when the halogen atom is present at the end of the chain
• A nucleophile is an electron pair donor
• Examples of nucleophiles include :OH, :CN, and :NH3
• Nucleophilic substitution is a reaction where a nucleophile donates a lone pair of electrons to a delta+ carbon atom, causing a delta− atom to leave the molecule
• Hydrolysis is a reaction where water is a reactant