FUNDA

• Health, Wellness & Illness:
• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity
• Wellness is the actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others
• Illness can be acute (short duration) or chronic (lasts more than 6 months and affects functioning in one or more systems)
• Models of Health & Illness:
• Health Belief Model:

  • Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors
  • Components include individual's perception of susceptibility to an illness, seriousness of the illness, and likelihood of taking preventive action
• Health Promotion Model:

  • Describes the multidimensional nature of people as they interact within their environment to pursue health
  • Focuses on individual characteristics & experiences, behavior-specific cognitions & affect, and behavioral outcome
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

  • Certain human needs (e.g., food, water, safety, love) are necessary for human survival & health
  • Self-Actualization is the highest expression of one's individual potential
• Holistic Health Model:

  • Promotes a patient's optimal health by considering emotional, spiritual, social, cultural, and physical aspects of wellness
  • Includes holistic interventions like meditation, music therapy, and relaxation therapy
• Variables Influencing Health & Health Beliefs & Practices:
• Internal Variables:

  • Developmental stage, intellectual background, emotional factors, and spiritual factors influence health beliefs and practices
• External Variables:

  • Family role & practices, social determinants of health, and culture influence how individuals define health and illness
• Levels of Prevention:
• Primary Prevention:

  • Goal is to reduce the incidence of disease through health education programs and nutritional programs
• Secondary Prevention:

  • Focuses on preventing the spread of disease, illness, or infection once it occurs through mass screening and focused exams
• Tertiary Prevention:

  • Involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration
• Risk Factors & Illness Behavior:
• Risk factors include environment, lifestyle practices, age, gender, genetics, and family history
• Illness behavior is influenced by physical stressors, work stress, and sociocultural & psychological factors
• Impact of Illness:
• Behavioral & emotional changes, impact on body image, impact on self-concept, and impact on family roles
• Thinking like a nurse includes critical thinking and clinical reasoning, leading to clinical judgment
• Critical thinking is the process of thinking at a higher level to define a client's problem, examine evidence-based practice, and make choices in care delivery
• Clinical reasoning is a cognitive process using thinking strategies to gather and analyze client information, evaluate its relevance, and decide on nursing actions for better outcomes
• Clinical judgment is the observed outcome of critical thinking and decision-making, leading to conclusions about a patient's needs or health problems
• The process of critical thinking requires the nurse to think ahead, apply thinking while acting, and think back reflectively
• Techniques of critical thinking include:

  • Critical analysis: application of questions to determine essential information
  • Socratic questioning: looking beneath the surface, examining assumptions, and differentiating knowledge from beliefs
  • Inductive reasoning: forming generalizations from facts or observations
  • Deductive reasoning: reasoning from general premises to specific conclusions
• Concept mapping is a technique using graphic depictions to represent critical thinking and focus on concepts and relationships
• Levels of critical thinking:

  • Basic: answers are right or wrong with a single solution
  • Complex: independent decision-making, creativity, and consideration of different solutions
  • Commitment: considering a wide array of clinical alternatives and applying all elements of the clinical judgment model automatically
• Data collection involves systematic and continuous gathering, organization, validation, and documentation of client information
• Sources of data include the client, support people, client records, healthcare professionals, and literature
• Nursing assessment is a systematic method to identify a client's health status and healthcare problems or needs
• Characteristics of the nursing process:

  • Client-centered
  • Adapted from problem-solving and systems theory
  • Decision-making is in every phase
  • Interpersonal and collaborative
  • Used in all healthcare settings
  • Utilizes critical thinking and clinical reasoning
• Interview types:

  • Focused interview: specific questions for information collection
  • Directive interview: highly structured for specific information
  • Nondirective interview: rapport-building
• Types of data:

  • Subjective data: symptoms apparent only to the individual
  • Objective data: signs detectable by an observer or measurable against a standard
• Data collection methods:

  • Observing
  • Interviewing
  • Examining
• Types of interview questions:

  • Closed-ended: restrictive, requiring short factual answers
  • Open-ended: invite clients to explore thoughts and feelings
  • Neutral: can be answered without direction
  • Leading: directs client's answers
• Stages of an interview:

  • Opening
  • Body
  • Closing
• Interview setting should be comfortable, well-lit, free of noise, and distractions
• Organization of data can follow Gordon's 11 Functional Health Patterns, Roy's Adaptation Model, Wellness Models, Body Systems Model, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, or Developmental Theories