topic 5 solid liquids and gases

• change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
• specific heat capacity is the energy required to change the temperature of an object by one degree celsius per kilograms of mass
• solid melts to a liquid, extra energy make the particles vibrate faster until the forces between them are partially overcome and the particles are free to move around
• liquid boils/evaporates to a gas, extra energy make the particles vibrate faster until the forces between them are totally overcome and the particles are free to escape from the liquid and become a gas
• colours are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
• celsius, kelvins add 273
• kelvins to celcius -273
• in a column, the bottom stream has the highest pressure, the bottom stream has the most force causing water to come out more
• volume is measured by water displacement
• pressure = force/area
• density = mass/ volume
• pressure difference equation = height x density x gravitational field strength, pressure measured in pa, height in m, density in kg/m3 gravitational field strength in n/kg
• p1 x v1 = p2 x v2 inversely proportional in constant temperature.
• p1/t1 = p2/t2
• as you increase the temperature of a gas, the kinetic energy of the gas particles increases and thus their average speed also increases. kinetic energy and temperature are inversely proportional to each other
• pressure exerted by gas on a container, gas particles move freely, collide randomly with side of container, exerts a force on the area of the containers wall, producing pressure
• absolute zero is -273 degrees, particles have no kinetic energy, so stop moving
• object in a liquid, when an object is submerged in a liquid the liquid will exert a pressure on the object, larger sa= more pressure exerted
• density tells us how tightly packed something is, space between particles is different giving them more mass in the same volume
• pressure in a liquid, because the liquid particles are tightly packed, volume cannot decrease under pressure, incompressible
• pascal vases are sets of vases with water at equal height but different volumes
• solids are in a fixed position and are touching, particles vibrate but do not have enough energy to break the bonds holding together. fixed shape and volume, cannot expand or contract
• gas particles move quickly and freely with no attraction to each other, lots of space between the particles, no fixed volume and shape, expand and contract easily
• liquids are still touching randomly move past each other, enough energy to break bonds that would hold them in a fixed position, no fixed shape and volume, cannot expand and contract
• investigating density, to measure mass use a balance, flat surface on zero. irregular solids use a eureka can, fill water just under the nozzle, lower object slowly into water, collect overflowing water, measure in a cylinder. liquids- measuring cylinder, read bottom part of curve. risk assessment, heavy block could hurt your foot, so hold over table
• heating a system will cause the energy stored within the system to change and raise its temperature as heating a system causes its thermal energy to be stored. the more energy being stored means speed of particles increase. if enough energy is being stored the particles vibrate fast enough in order to break the molecular forces between particles causing changes in state, temperature is a measure of the movement of particles