robbery

• defined in s8 theft act 1968
• actus reus - must be a completed theft in s1 theft act 1968 - dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention to permanently deprive - ROBINSON
• corcoran vs anderton - the moment theft is complete with relevant force there is robbery
• there must be force or threat of force
• the jury will decide the outcome using the ordinary meaning of the word 'force'
• dawson and james - can be minimal
• clouden - can be indirect
• b and r vs dpp - the victim doesnt have to be frightened
• the force or threat can be on any person and the force must be immediately before or at the time of the theft
• hale - theft can be a continuing act
• lockley - theft can be used to escape
• the force must be used in order to steal
• mens rea - the d must have the mens rea for theft - dishonest and intention to permanently deprive the other of the property
• forrester - must also intend to use the force to steal
• definition - 'a person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being subjected to force.'