introduction to scz

• What is schizophrenia characterized by?

  Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Additional experiences beyond ordinary existence
• What are hallucinations?

  Unusual sensory experiences
• How can hallucinations manifest in schizophrenia?

  Hearing voices or seeing distorted images
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Irrational beliefs, often paranoid
• What is avolition?

  Apathy and lack of motivation
• What is speech poverty in schizophrenia?

  Changes in speech patterns and delays
• What is the role of ICD-10 and DSM-5 in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  They provide different diagnostic criteria
• How do ICD-10 and DSM-5 differ in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  ICD requires two negative symptoms, DSM one positive
• What is co-morbidity?

  Occurrence of two disorders together
• What is symptom overlap?

  When disorders share similar symptoms
• What is inter-rater reliability?


  Different clinicians make identical diagnoses
• What is predictive validity in diagnosis?

  Successful treatment indicates valid diagnosis
• What did Osorio et al. (2019) find about diagnosis reliability?

  High inter-rater reliability of +.97 reported
• What does Cheniaux et al. (2009) suggest about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Diagnosis may be over or under diagnosed
• What is the significance of cultural bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Different cultures interpret symptoms variably
• How does paternal age relate to schizophrenia risk?

  Risk increases with older paternal age
• What is the role of mutation in schizophrenia?

  Can occur without family history
• What evidence supports the genetic explanation of schizophrenia?

  Higher risk with genetic similarity to relatives
• What is schizophrenia characterized by?

  Disruptions in cognition, emotion, and behaviour
• What percentage of the global population is affected by schizophrenia?

  About 1%
• When does schizophrenia typically emerge?

  In late adolescence or early adulthood
• What classification systems guide the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  DSM-5 and ICD-11
• How many positive symptoms are required for a DSM-5 diagnosis?

  Two or more positive symptoms
• What does the ICD-11 require for diagnosis?

  One clear symptom and usually longer duration
• How are symptoms classified in schizophrenia?

  Positive and negative symptoms
• What additional factors are required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Social or occupational dysfunction and ruling out other conditions
• What issue does Cheniaux et al. (2009) highlight regarding schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Inconsistency among different psychiatrists
• What disparity did Cheniaux et al. find in DSM diagnoses?

  One psychiatrist diagnosed 26, another 13
• What does low inter-rater reliability indicate?

  Undermines trustworthiness of diagnoses
• What is criterion validity in the context of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Agreement between different diagnostic systems
• What do large discrepancies in diagnosis suggest?

  Classification systems may not measure the same construct
• What challenges do symptom overlap and comorbidity present?

  Complicates diagnosis and can lead to misdiagnosis
• What is schizophrenia characterized by?

  Dysfunction in cognition, emotion, and behaviour
• What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

  1%
• When does schizophrenia typically onset?

  Emergency and adolescence onset, rarely adulthood
• What guides the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  DSM-5 and ICD-11
• What is required for a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Two or more positive symptoms for 1 month
• How does ICD-11 differ in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  Requires key symptoms for a longer duration
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Excess or distortion of normal function