CONTEMPORARY LESSON 1

• Conflict theory:

  • Friedrich Engels collaborated with Karl Marx and suggested that the exploiter/exploited relationship is also seen at the household level
• Functionalist Perspective:

  • Emile Durkheim used the theory of Functionalism to describe and understand people and society
  • Identified collective conscience as the communal beliefs, morals, etc. of society
  • Created the idea of social integration as the strength of the ties people have to the social groups they are part of
• Symbolic Interaction Theory:

  • Gender does not exist objectively but emerges through a process of social construction
  • Gender is not a personal attribute but something accomplished through interaction with others
• Feminist Sociological Theory:

  • Concerned with giving a voice to women in society and highlighting the condition of women
  • Liberal Feminists argue that gender inequality stems from past traditions and can be overcome through individual rights and equal opportunities
• Evolutionary Theory:

  • Suggests that since our genes are adaptive, they hold the key to our behavior
• Social Learning Theory:

  • Albert Bandura explains that gender roles are learned through observation and modeling
  • Behavior reinforced through reward or punishment by significant others becomes part of the individual's personality
• Gender Schema Theory:

  • Introduced by Sandra Bem and further expanded by Carol Martin and Charles Haverson
  • Children first form a gender identity and then form a gender schema
  • According to Carol Martin, gender schema theory posits that the emergence of gender identity leads to increased motivation to selectively attend to and overall information about the same gender group and to behave in gender-consistent ways
• Biosocial Theory:

  • An approach where nature and nurture both play a vital role in gender development
• SOGIESC obligations:
• Prevent torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment
• Repeal laws criminalizing homosexuality and transgender people
• Prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity
• Protect individuals from homophobic and transphobic violence
• Safeguard freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly for all LGBTQ+ people
• Transgender: person who does not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth
• Definitions:
• Cisgender: person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth
• Gender fluid: person whose gender identity changes over time
• Genderqueer: person whose gender identity falls in the spectrum between man and woman
• Non-binary: person who does not identify themselves as a man or woman
• Agender: people who feel that they have no gender or their gender is neutral
• Pangender: involves experiencing many different gender identities
• Bigender: person with two distinct gender identities