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• Research is etymologically derived from "re" and "search", meaning to look for something
• Research is not only about discovering something unknown, but also coming up with new explanations for known phenomena
• Research is a process of searching for something to solve an existing problem
• Research is understood as a systematic investigation entailing data collection, documentation, analysis, and interpretation
• Research involves the formation of new knowledge and the creative use of previous or existing knowledge
• Research should be systematic, following a structured and organized procedure from beginning to end
• Research should be objective, presenting information based on truths and free from bias or personal opinion
• Research should be feasible, considering the practicality of conducting the study including factors like time, budget, and resources
• Research should be empirical, employing appropriate methods to produce evidence-based information from experimentation, observation, and experience
• Research should be clear, using comprehensible language and clarifying variables throughout the research process
• The phases of research include: Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Empirical Phase, Analytical Phase, and Dissemination Phase
• In the research process:

  • Define the research problem by looking at a significant real-life problem and considering various factors
  • Review the literature to become aware of previous works on the chosen topic
  • Formulate a hypothesis based on the logical relationship between variables
  • Prepare the research design to collect and analyze data effectively
  • Collect data using appropriate methods
  • Analyze data using suitable strategies and methods
• Research Process:

  • Analyze data utilizing strategies and methods to answer the research problem
  • Interpret and report findings, putting information in perspective and presenting solutions based on investigation findings
• Draw a flow chart of the 7 research processes
• Ethics of Research:

  • Importance of ethics in research:
  • Promotes aims of research by guiding researchers to obtain knowledge, truth, and avoid errors
  • Upholds values essential to collaborative work, maintaining trust, accountability, and fairness
  • Ensures researchers can be held accountable to the public
  • Builds public support for research
  • Promotes moral and social values, encouraging social responsibility, human rights, and compliance with the law
• • Responsible mentoring: teach responsible conduct of research and share knowledge with others
  • Respect for colleagues: treat colleagues equally and fairly
  • Social responsibility: work for the best interests of the environment and society
  • Non-discrimination: research should be open to all without discrimination
  • Competence: possess necessary knowledge and skills for the study
  • Legality: know and abide by relevant laws and policies
  • Human Subject Protection: protect human lives and uphold human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
• Ethical Codes and Policies for Research:

  • Honesty: truthfully report data throughout the study
  • Objectivity: avoid bias and personal influence
  • Integrity: establish credibility through consistent actions and sincerity
  • Care: critically examine all information and keep records properly
  • Openness: be willing to accept criticisms and share research findings
  • Respect for intellectual property: do not plagiarize and properly acknowledge sources
  • Confidentiality: protect confidential communications and documents
  • Responsible publication: ensure work is clear, honest, complete, and accurate
• Rights of Research Participants:

  • Voluntary participation: participants have the right to refuse involvement
  • Informed consent: provide sufficient information about procedures and risks
  • Risk of harm: protect participants from harm
  • Confidentiality: assure privacy of personal information
  • Anonymity: participants must remain anonymous throughout the study
• Identify the rights which have been violated in each situation:

  • Bella claiming the research work of her classmate
  • Sheila being ranked last due to nonparticipation in extracurricular activities without informing her