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• Definition of Computer: An electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information
• Earliest Computer:

  • Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers
  • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations
  • Human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression
• Tally Sticks: An ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or messages
• Abacus:

  • A mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations
  • Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
  • Used to perform basic arithmetic operations
• Napier’s Bones: Invented by John Napier in 1614, allowed the operator to multiply, divide, and calculate square and cube roots
• Slide Rule: Invented by William Oughtred in 1622, based on Napier's idea about logarithms, used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithm, and trigonometry
• Pascaline: Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, limited to addition and subtraction, and considered too expensive
• Stepped Reckoner: Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672, a machine that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard:

  • Invented the Jacquard Loom in 1881, an automatic loom controlled by punched cards
• Arithmometer: Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, the first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine that could perform the four basic mathematical functions
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine:

  • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
  • The first mechanical computer designed to tabulate polynomial functions
• First Computer Programmer: Augusta Ada Byron in 1840, suggested the use of the binary system to Charles Babbage and wrote programs for the Analytical Engine
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine: Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843, based on Charles Babbage's difference engine, the first printing calculator
• Tabulating Machine: Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 to assist in summarizing information and accounting
• Harvard Mark 1: Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943, the first electro-mechanical computer
• Z1: The first programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938, required punch tape for programming and output
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC):

  • The first electronic digital computing device
  • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942
• ENIAC:

  • Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
  • The first electronic general-purpose computer completed in 1946
  • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
• UNIVAC 1: The first commercial computer designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Osborne 1: The first portable computer released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
• The First Computer Company: The Electronic Controls Company founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John
• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company, founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• There are five generations of computers:

  • First Generation: 1946 - 1958
  • Second Generation: 1959 - 1964
  • Third Generation: 1965 - 1970
  • Fourth Generation: 1971 - today
  • Fifth Generation: Today to future
• First generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, were enormous, expensive to operate, and generated a lot of heat

  • Relied on machine language for operations and could only solve one problem at a time
  • Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, output was displayed on printouts
• Second generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, which made them smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and reliable

  • Moved from machine language to symbolic languages
  • Still used punched cards for input and printouts for output
  • Stored instructions in memory using magnetic core technology
• The third generation of computers was characterized by the development of the integrated circuit, which increased speed and efficiency

  • Users interacted with keyboards and monitors, ran multiple applications at once, and had an operating system
  • Computers became accessible to a mass audience due to their smaller and cheaper size
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, with thousands of integrated circuits built onto a single silicon chip

  • Led to the development of networks and the Internet
  • Saw the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices
• The fifth generation of computers is based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and is still in development

  • Uses parallel processing and superconductors to make AI a reality
  • Aims to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization
  • Some applications like voice recognition are already in use
• Definition of Computer:

  • An electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information
• Earliest Computer:

  • Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers
  • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations
  • Human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression
• Tally Sticks:

  • An ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or messages
• Abacus:

  • A mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations
  • Invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
  • Used to perform basic arithmetic operations
• Napier’s Bones:

  • Invented by John Napier in 1614
  • Allowed the operator to multiply, divide, and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards
• Slide Rule:

  • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622
  • Based on Napier's idea about logarithms
  • Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithm, and trigonometry
• Pascaline:

  • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
  • Limited to addition and subtraction
  • Considered too expensive
• Stepped Reckoner:

  • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
  • The machine that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard:

  • Invented the Jacquard Loom in 1881
  • An automatic loom controlled by punched cards
• Arithmometer:

  • Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
  • The first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine
  • Could perform the four basic mathematical functions
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine:

  • Designed by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
  • The first mechanical computer
  • Analytical Engine was automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions
• First Computer Programmer:

  • Augusta Ada Byron suggests the binary system to Babbage in 1840
  • Writes programs for the Analytical Engine