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• Peninsulares- they were full-blooded Spaniards who were born from Spain.
• Insulares- full-blooded Spaniards but they were born in the Philippines.
• Mestizos- were born from foreign and native parents.
• Indios- full-blooded natives or inhabitants of the archipelago. They were formerly freemen and dependents.
• Sangleys- had the lowest standing in society under Spanish rule. They are composed of Chinese citizens who chose to pursue trading activities in the Philippines
• Frailocracy- the rule of the friars and priests.
• The arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the Spaniards disrupted the way of living of our pre-colonial societies
• Tondo Conspiracy of 1587 ⮚ This was led by datus of Manila who were related by blood. They asked for assistance from their relatives in Borneo and a Japanese captain named Juan Gayo who would provide weapons in exchange for payment. ⮚ The revolts failed since one of the leaders betrayed his fellow datus to the Spaniards
• Spain decided to open the Philippines to international trade in 1834
• Mestizos and Principalias- they are the group of people who benefited in the economic development
• Suez Canal- a waterway that connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea,

  -Entailed a shorter and faster route for all ships coming and leaving Europe.

  -This made the traveling of goods, people and ideas from Europe to the Philippines.
• Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre - he was sent by the Spain in 1869, who adhered to liberal ideas. - He initiated reforms in the Philippines which earned him repect and adoration of the Filipinos. - Some of the reforms he pushed were the proclamation of freedom of speech and abolishment of press censorship. - This gave the people a taste of a humane government
• SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT- secular indio priests were asking for opportunities to have equal rights with the regular Spanish priests in serving the church.
• Father Mariano Gomez and Father Pedro Burgos - fought for this secularization movement.
• Cavite Mutiny of 1872 - there was an uprising organized by soldiers in Cavite due to sudden decrease in their wages. - it ended in a failure.