AC3.1 explain the role of agencies in social control

• police

  Aim= enforce law under PACE 1984= arrest,detain etc. robert peel founder=police servants of public+law. 39 regional forces, 4=wales 1=scot + NI. specialist forces e.g. drug squads, terrorism. constables= unpaid+part time. Gov+tax 2020/21= £15.2 billion. 2010-18 budgest cuts of 19%=20,000 less officers. work with CPS, prions+judges. terrorism act 2003= detain for up to 4-14 arrest without warrant=expansion of powers
• CPS

  must decide which cases should be prosecuted, determine charge in serious & complex issues + advise police

  aim= preparing cases and presenting them at court as well as provide information and support to victims/prosecution witnesses.

  funding= parliament also through recovering criminal assets

  CPS consists of 14 geographical areas across Eng&wales

  code of practice is used to help decide if prosecution should take place. evidential and public interest test must be satisfied fro a prosecution to take place.
• Judiciary 


  divided into superior & inferior judges, national and local reach. Role judge make decisions about the law through interpretation, apply the law and manage a trial. end of a trial, they will sum up the evidence for the jury & pass a sentence if appropriate. Funding by independent bodies, 2020=lord chief justice received £262,000, while district judges earned £112,000. Working practices include having responsibility for decisions regarding freedom, having to take two oaths to ensure they work independently from government influence and are fair & consistent. judicial precedent
• prison service 


  aim is to keep those sentenced to prison in custody & help them lead law abiding, useful lives whilst in prison. Work with police, councils and charities to do this. • Funding comes from government through taxation. • Most prisons are public sector & run by government. in 2019 there was 121 prisons holding 80,000 prisoners. 106=public, 15=private in 2018 funding was £3 billion 16% lower than 2010. cuts to staffing by 15% led to in 2020 led to a loss of a third of staff.

  rehabilitation programmes = college courses, IEPs.

  preventing victims by changing lives of offenders
• probation service 


  supervises high-risk offenders released into the community, helping to try & rehabilitate offenders. offenders may have to do unpaid work, complete education/training and have regular meetings with an ‘offender manager’. at any time 250,000 offenders can be on probation at one time. NPS= nation service working to same standard through out country. believe offenders can change for the better & become responsible members of society. £4.6 billion shared between prisons & probation provided by gov and taxation. 19 out of the 21 CRCs missed targets for reducing reoffending.
• charities 


  not government funded so bring independent advice and can challenge functions in the CJS. They rely on voluntary donations. • They are non-profit organisations. Examples include: The Prison Reform Trust. NACRO (1966)= national association for the care and resettlement of offender, work with ex-offenders. 50 different parts across UK. Rehabilitation of Offender Act 1974= don’t need to disclose when applying for jobs requiring a DBS check, means you can answer “no” to the question about convictions. £50m a year=public donations, gov+ contracts. education2018=4,900 studied thr NACRO
• Consitutional Reform act 2005


  was an attempt to separate the judicial branch and the legislative branch more distinctly, removed judicial funtions of the lord chancellor, no longer sits as speaker og the house of lords, create formal separation of powers. independent judicial appointments commission/boards for england, wales, NI, scot. "ket to acheive full and transparent legislature between judicial and legislative branches. new justices given coutesy of lord or lady not influenced by politics, cant sit in HOL, maintaing separation