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• Elements exposed to hazards can be enumerated
• Vulnerability is defined as the lack of power to be safe in times of disasters
• Certain sectors are more vulnerable to disasters than others
• Variations or levels of vulnerability depend on wealth, education, gender, age, and other cultural and social conditions
• Three main factors that affect the level of vulnerability of communities are:

  • Physical
  • Social
  • Motivational
• Factors affecting the level of vulnerability of communities:

  • Physical factors include location, environment, and structural aspects
  • Social factors include unclear protocols, lack of organized evacuation drills, no early warning system, uncooperative neighborhood, and untrained local community leaders
  • Motivational factors include lack of coordination between local leaders and community people, diversion of funds for DRRM, unwillingness of local leaders to integrate DRRM into programs
• Vulnerability of physical structures:

  • Engineered Construction: designed by competent engineers and architects, building-code compliant
  • Non-engineered Construction: lack compliance with safety standards, not designed by competent professionals
  • Owner-Built Buildings: lack necessary building permit and safety standards compliance
• UNISDR stands for United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
• DRRM stands for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
• Identify if the following statements are Physical, Social, or Motivational:

  1. Absence or lack of DRRM related facilities and equipment such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, ambulance, and others - Physical

  2. Internal conflicts and divisions exist between local community leaders - Social

  3. Non-compliant with building code - Physical

  4. A community is unaware of risks and their possible consequences - Social

  5. Local community leaders are not trained in DRRM - Motivational
• The Philippines is located at the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it prone to earthquakes.
• Earthquake hazards include ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.
• Ground shaking can cause damage to buildings and infrastructure, while landslides can block roads and disrupt transportation.