lesson 1

• (Phlebotomy allows healthcare providers to diagnose patients who are in distress but cannot communicate why. Phlebotomists are a vital part of modern medicine, drawing vital uncontaminated blood for the blood tests a which remain the bedrock of diagnostic science.
• Phlebotomy Definition:

  1. Process of collecting blood using an incision or puncture methods to draw blood for analysis. Greek: phiebos "vein", temnein "to Cut" (Ebuen, 2020).
  2. Incision into a vein. (Strasinger, Di Lorenzo,2011).

  C. To cut into a vein. Greek: phlebos "vein", tome "to cut" (Booth, Mundt, 2016)
• phlebotomist Professionals performing invasive procedure involving an incision into the skin and blood vessels.
• Primary Role of a Phlebotomist

  To obtain blood specimens for diagnostic testing.
• Evolution of Phlebotomy

  Stone Age:

  Humans used crude tools to cut vessels and drain blood from the body.

  They believe in superstition, mythology and religion
• Ancient Egyptians: 1400 BC

  Practiced phlebotomy as a form of

  boodletting
• nepthys -Goddess of health and protection
• Anemia-low blood volume
• Polycytemia-high blood volume
• Historical beliefs of Phlebotomy

  homeostasis

  1. The four humors. An imbalance of any of these humors could lead to illness.

  (Greek Physician Hippocrates) -

  2.

  Blood was the dominant humor, therefore an excess of this humor was treated by bloodletting and purging.

  (Greek physician and surgeon Galen of /Pergamon).
• Hippocrates- Father of Medicine
• Bloodletting was a common practice in ancient Roman medicine
• Aulus Cornelius Celsus stated that bloodletting was used for almost any illness
• To let blood by incising a vein was not a new practice
• It was important to cut the vein half through and observe the color and character of the blood
• If the blood was thick and black, it was considered vitiated and beneficial to shed, if red and translucent, it was considered healthy and bloodletting was harmful
• The scalpel needed to be entered confidently to ensure it reached the vein
• Sometimes the vein was concealed and not easily found
• The color and character of the blood indicated whether bloodletting was beneficial or harmful
• Hippocrates believed that a person's health was dependent on the balance of the four humors: Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile and Black Bile
• Homeostasis

  The tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment
• Phlebotomy or Bloodletting is a form of healing and used a process called venesection (vein was pierced with a sharp object).
• Middle Ages

  Barber-surgeons performed bloodletting, surgery, tooth extraction and leeching
• THE FLEAM

  For venesection, an instrument known as a fleam or phlebotome was used. Used for incision of the skin
• CUPPING TECHNIQUE -

  Purpose: helps ease pain, inflammation and other health concerns.

  Method: application of heated suction cups, creating incision using fleam (lancet)
• LEECHING

  A.k.a hirudotherapy

  Application of blood-sucking worms called leeches.
• LEECHES (Hirudo medicinalis)

  Method: drop of milk or blood is placed on the area, allow the leech to engorge and fall off.

  • A single leech can extract about 5 to 10 mL of blood.
  • 40 to 60 mL of blood might be lost from the bite because of the residual anticoagulant action of hirudin-anticoagulant
  • Prolonged use of leeches can cause considerable blood loss.
• Leech saliva contains a number of different substances, including hirudin for anticoagulation, calin for preventing clumping, anesthetic compounds for no pain and antihistamine vasodilators for no allergic reactions. Hirudin is a potent anticoagulant that inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin - preventing blood from clotting.
• fibrinogen is inactive while fibrin is active thus clotting happen
• Anticoagulant Properties- promote no blood clotting. It has plasma and fibrinogen and belong to hematology and has a lavender top tube.
• Procoagulant properties- promotes blood clotting. Have serum and fibrin , belong to clinical chemistry and has a red top tube
• Heparin- Natural anticoagulant in the body
• VASODILATION - widening of the blood vessels.

  VASOCONSTRICTION - narrowing of blood vessels.
• Syringe

  A medical device used to inject flu sid into, or withdraw fluid from, the body.
• invasive- Introducing or inserting something on to the skin or to the body.
• infusion-introducing a fluid to the body
• Extraction-withdrawing fluid from the body
• Primitive enema syringe-Medical historians suggest that ancient Babylonian and Egyptian medicine men

  employed injections for soothing irritations and clearing

  bowels and other body cavities. They generally used to employ animal bladders attached to wooden or bamboo or ivory hollow tubes for infusing fluid in the body cavity.
• A watch chain syringe (graduated) used mainly for subcutaneous injection in the late nineteenth century.
• Multipurpose syringe of Pavez with different types of canulae.