Psych 344 - Ch 2

• • Eli Todd (U.S.) carried out Pinel's message at The Retreat, emphasizing treating patients with dignity and allowing them input in their treatment decisions
  • Dorothea Dix traveled to collect data on how institutions treated mental illness patients, leading to the creation of over 30 state institutions
• Origins of Clinical Psychology and Early Pioneers:

  • People with mental illness in the Western Hemisphere (1700s-1800s) were believed to be possessed by evil spirits
  • Treatment included drilling a hole in the person's skull
  • William Tuke (England) devoted his life to improving conditions in asylums at York retreat, focusing on kindness, dignity, and respect for mental illness patients
  • Philippe Pinel (France) brought people with mental illness out of dungeons and dispelled myths in his Treatise on Insanity (1806)
• • Various instances of racism and prejudice in the history of clinical psychology, including biased intelligence tests and discriminatory views on different racial groups
• Lighter Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology:

  • Late 1800s: psychologists did not practice, but Lightner Witmer founded the first psychological clinic
  • Witmer's definition of clinical psychology emphasized treating patients with a combination of practice and research
  • Specialized training in clinical psychology is required, with a hybrid approach found only in the U.S.
• Assessment:

  • Diagnostic Issues:
  • Neurosis, coined by Freud, is no longer used, with anxiety and depression falling along those lines
  • Psychosis is broadly used today, involving a break from reality with hallucinations and delusions
  • Emil Kraepelin created terms for different disorders, such as exogenous and endogenous disorders
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) categorizes disorders and is regularly updated based on new research
• Assessment of Intelligence:

  • Edward Lee Thorndike and Charles Spearman had beliefs about intelligence
  • Alfred Binet created the Binet-Simon Scale, leading to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scales by Terman
  • David Wechsler created intelligence tests based on age, with revisions continuing today
• Assessment of Personality:

  • Hermann Rorschach developed the Rorschach Inkblot Method for personality testing
  • Christina Morgan and Henry Murray worked on projective personality tests
  • Objective personality tests involve close-ended questions, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the NEO Personality Inventory based on the big 5 personality factors
• Psychotherapy:

  • Clinical psychologists initially worked in academia, with Freud's psychoanalyzes being a focus
  • Evolution of psychoanalyzes led to behavioral, humanistic, family therapy, and cognitive approaches
  • Cognitive therapy is the most popular today, emphasizing logical thinking as the foundation
• Development of the Profession:

  • 1940s: education in clinical psychology became more widespread
  • 1950s: proliferating approaches in the field
  • APA published the first edition of the ethical code
  • 1960s and 1970s: diversifying field and clinical approaches, with the dominance of psychodynamic and behavioral approaches
  • 1980s: clinical psychologists gained hospital admitting and payment privileges
  • 1990s-2010s: growth, diversification, and specialization in the profession