[5] Spanish Conquest and Settlement

• Europe in the 16th century experienced changes due to growth in industry and commerce, advances in science, improvements in navigation, and inventions of machines and marine instruments
• Desire to explore the "Orient" was sparked by stories from Christian crusaders returning from the Holy Land
• Venetians had a trade monopoly with the East, leading to rivalry among European countries
• Portugal was the first European country to send expeditions to the Orient
• Prince Henry, known as "The Navigator," led Portuguese expeditions to the Azores, Madeira, and Western Africa
• Portuguese navigator Bartholomeo Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope and reached Calicut, India
• Spain sent an expedition to North America after Columbus "discovered" it in 1492
• Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull in 1493 dividing the world between Spain and Portugal
• Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 established a line dividing Spanish and Portuguese territories
• Ferdinand Magellan's expedition aimed to reach the Spice Islands by sailing west
• Magellan's expedition reached the Philippines, where he befriended local rulers and introduced Christianity
• Magellan was killed in a battle with locals in Maktan, leading to the retreat of the remaining Spaniards
• The Victoria, commanded by Sebastian Elcano, was the only ship to return to Spain from Magellan's expedition
• Magellan's voyage proved the earth was round and was a significant exploration in early modern times
• The Villalobos Expedition led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reached Mindanao and named Samar and Leyte as "Felipinas"
• The Legazpi Expedition, led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, established Spanish settlements in Cebu and Panay
• Legazpi's expedition spread Spanish rule to other islands in the Philippines, including Manila
• Legazpi founded Manila, making it the capital of the Philippines in 1571
• Legazpi established a city government in Manila and sent expeditions to conquer other parts of Luzon
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi died in Manila in 1572