Chapter 8/9

• Framing Effect - the tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed differently


  Rewording a question and receiving a different answer
• Sunk Cost Effect - the willingness to do something undesirable because of the money or effort already spent
• Productivity - the ability to combine words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas


  Humans are the only species that can produce ideas into words
• Transformational Grammar:

  • A system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure
  • Deep Structure - the underlying logic or meaning of a sentence
  • Surface Structure - The sequence of words as they are actually spoken or written


  Being able to put what you are thinking into words
• Broca's Aphasia - a condition characterized by difficulties in language production

  • Aphasia - diminishment
  • Effects the Broca's area of the brain



  Can't say what they want
• Wernicke's Aphasia - a condition marked by impaired recall of nouns and impaired language comprehension despite fluent and grammatical speech

  • You know what they're saying but it doesn't make sense

  Can't form a logical sentence
• Causes of Aphasia:

  • Stroke
  • Brain Injury
  • Trauma
• Morpheme - a unit of meaning

  • cat + s = cats (singular to plural)
• Phoneme - a unit of sound

  • TH, SH, CK, AY, etc.
• Word-Superiority Effect - identifying a letter more accurately when it is part of a word than when it is presented by itself

  • Ability to remember words over letters
• Fluid Intelligence - the power of reasoning and using information

  • Ability to solve problems when going into a new situation without prior knowledge 


  Crystallized Intelligence - acquires skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations

  • Ability to apply prior skills to a new situation
• Multiple Intelligences - unrelated forms of intelligence

  • Language
  • Musical abilities
  • Logical and mathematical reasoning
  • Spatial reasoning
  • Ability to recognize and classify objects
  • Body movement skills
  • Self control and understanding
  • Sensitivity to others' social signals
• Adaptive Testing - the range of items used is adapted to the performance of the individual

  • Test that adapts to needs (NWEA)
• IQ Tests - used to predict someone's performance in school and similar settings

  A) Mental Age

  B) Chronological Age

  
• Stanford-Binet Test:

  • IQ test through five factors of cognitive ability
  • Five Factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory
  • Measures verbal and nonverbal responses 


  Wechsler Tests:

  • IQ test that measures cognitive abilities and intelligence
  • Identifies intelligence and cognitive performance
  • Helps diagnose intellectual disabilities
• IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

  • <70 - intellectual disability
  • 100 - average
  • 85-115 - average range
  • >130 - academically gifted
• • Standardization - the process of evaluating the questions, establishing rules for administering a test, and interpreting the scores
  • Reliability - the repeatability of test scores, considered reliable if it produces nearly the same results every time
  • Test-Retest Reliability - the correlation between scores on a first test and a retest
  • Validity - the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for the intended purposes, does it test what it's supposed to test