respiration

• Glycolysis:

  1. Glucose is phosphorylated (using a phosphate from a molecule of ATP)
  2. Forming hexose bisphosphate
  3. Hexose bisphosphate is then split into 2 molecules of Triose phosphate (TP)
  4. TP is oxidised forming 2 molecules of pyruvate
  5. NET gain of 2 ATP/ 2 NAD reduced
• Malonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle.... malonate decreases the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell as:

  • less/ no reduced NAD/ coenzymes
  • ... fewer electrons passed to electron transfer chain
  • oxygen is the final electron acceptor
• Converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration as... regenerates oxidised NAD ....glycolysis can continue
• When using a respirometer to measure the rate of oxygen consumption why should you leave the apparatus for 10 mins?

  • to allow the apparatus to equibrilate/ equilibrium to be reached
  • Allow for expansion/ pressure changes in apparatus
  • Allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise
• The advantage of the Bohr effect during intense exercise

  • Affinity for oxygen decreases
  • Increases dissociation of oxygen
  • For aerobic respiration at the tissues/ muscles
• The Link Reaction:

  1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated
  2. pyruvate oxidised to form acetate.... NAD reduced
  3. Acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A