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Clinical Microscopy
Lab practical
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Jayna Ramesh
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Cards (21)
Use
lpf
to count casts and crystals
use
hpf
for rest
count
RBCs
and
WBCs
in urine per hpf
erythrocytes: reference values
<4/hpf
leukocytes
reference values:
<5/hpf
casts must have an
acid
pH
ictotest tests for
bilirubin
ictotest principle
A)
bilirubin
B)
diazonium salt
C)
blue-purple
3
Clinitest tests for
reducing
substances, such as
glucose
,
galactose
,
lactose
,
fructose
,
maltose
, etc.
Acetest - tests for
acetoacetate
, a byproduct of
ketogenesis
principle reagent for acetest -
sodium nitroprusside
formula for determining count
cells
counted x
dilution factor
---------------------------
area
counted x
depth
normal pH of sperm:
7.2
-
8
normal sperm movement:
50-60
% grade
3
or higher (
3
=
motile
,
moderate forward motion
) within
3 hours of ejaculation
sperm count
:
1:21 dilution (10 microliters sample + 200 microliters diluting fluid)
use WBC counting area
multiply by correctional factor (1/[depth x area])
normal sperm count:
20-250
mill/mm^3
the
eosin
/
negrosin
stain is used to evaluate if sperm are dead or
alive
colorless
- live (
didn't absorb stain
)
dying
-
pink
red
-
dead
normal viability of sperm sample: ≥
50%
and not exceeding the %
motile
amorphous phosphates appear in
neutral
/
alkaline
urine
when spun down, appear
white
amorphous urates appear in
acidic
urine
looks
pink
/
reddish orange
triggers microscopic:
color
/clarity,
leukocytes
,
RBC
/
Hemoglobin
,
Protein
,
Nitrites
Will not trigger microscopic examination:
ketones
,
glucose
,
pH
,
specific gravity
,
urobilinogen
,
bilirubin