Lab practical

Cards (21)

  • Use lpf to count casts and crystals
    use hpf for rest
  • count RBCs and WBCs in urine per hpf
  • erythrocytes: reference values <4/hpf
  • leukocytes
    reference values: <5/hpf
  • casts must have an acid pH
  • ictotest tests for bilirubin
  • ictotest principle
    A) bilirubin
    B) diazonium salt
    C) blue-purple
  • Clinitest tests for reducing substances, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, maltose, etc.
  • Acetest - tests for acetoacetate, a byproduct of ketogenesis
  • principle reagent for acetest - sodium nitroprusside
  • formula for determining count
    cells counted x dilution factor
    ---------------------------
    area counted x depth
  • normal pH of sperm: 7.2 - 8
  • normal sperm movement: 50-60% grade 3 or higher (3=motile, moderate forward motion) within 3 hours of ejaculation
  • sperm count:
    1. 1:21 dilution (10 microliters sample + 200 microliters diluting fluid)
    2. use WBC counting area
    3. multiply by correctional factor (1/[depth x area])
  • normal sperm count: 20-250 mill/mm^3
  • the eosin/negrosin stain is used to evaluate if sperm are dead or alive
    • colorless - live (didn't absorb stain)
    • dying - pink
    • red - dead
  • normal viability of sperm sample: ≥ 50% and not exceeding the % motile
  • amorphous phosphates appear in neutral/alkaline urine
    when spun down, appear white
  • amorphous urates appear in acidic urine
    looks pink/reddish orange
  • triggers microscopic: color/clarity, leukocytes, RBC/Hemoglobin, Protein, Nitrites
  • Will not trigger microscopic examination: ketones, glucose, pH, specific gravity, urobilinogen, bilirubin