Lab practical

• Use lpf to count casts and crystals

  use hpf for rest
• count RBCs and WBCs in urine per hpf
• erythrocytes: reference values <4/hpf
• leukocytes

  reference values: <5/hpf
• casts must have an acid pH
• ictotest tests for bilirubin
• ictotest principle

  A) bilirubin

  B) diazonium salt

  C) blue-purple

  
• Clinitest tests for reducing substances, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, maltose, etc.
• Acetest - tests for acetoacetate, a byproduct of ketogenesis
• principle reagent for acetest - sodium nitroprusside
• formula for determining count

  cells counted x dilution factor

  ---------------------------

  area counted x depth
• normal pH of sperm: 7.2 - 8
• normal sperm movement: 50-60% grade 3 or higher (3=motile, moderate forward motion) within 3 hours of ejaculation
• sperm count:

  1. 1:21 dilution (10 microliters sample + 200 microliters diluting fluid)
  2. use WBC counting area
  3. multiply by correctional factor (1/[depth x area])
• normal sperm count: 20-250 mill/mm^3
• the eosin/negrosin stain is used to evaluate if sperm are dead or alive

  • colorless - live (didn't absorb stain)
  • dying - pink
  • red - dead
• normal viability of sperm sample: ≥ 50% and not exceeding the % motile
• amorphous phosphates appear in neutral/alkaline urine

  when spun down, appear white
• amorphous urates appear in acidic urine

  looks pink/reddish orange
• triggers microscopic: color/clarity, leukocytes, RBC/Hemoglobin, Protein, Nitrites
• Will not trigger microscopic examination: ketones, glucose, pH, specific gravity, urobilinogen, bilirubin