Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law

• In chemistry, we have an atom. And within that atom, there are three fundamental or subatomic particles called protons, electrons, and neutrons.
• These subatomic particles possess charges called electric charges.

  These subatomic particles possess charges called electric charges. hese subatomic particles possess charges called electric charges.
• For protons, it's electric charge is positive. Thus, the denotation is p+.
• For electrons, its electric charge is negative. Thus, its denotation is e-.
• For neutrons, its electric charge is neutral. That means, it is neither positive nor negative. Thus, the denotation is n⁰.
• In the parts of an atom, its central part is called nucleus.
• Nucleus comprises of protons and neutrons, making it electric charge positive.
• Electrons in atoms are located in clouds, not necessarily called an orbital, since atom is not a planetary model. Rather, a quantum model.
• There is an electrostatic force acting between the protons and electrons. This force, specifically, is an attraction.
• Electrostatic force is a non-contact type of force.
• Electric charges are inherent for the subatomic particles, and are responsible for magnetic and electrical phenomena.
• The reason why they are inherent is still unknown. We have information but the details are still not enough to satisfy the curiosity.

  Before, old scientists thought that the fundamental particle is the atom. However, they found out that there are still subatomic particles making it up. Which are again, the protons, electrons, and neutrons.
• The two types of electric charge are the positive and the negative.
• Like charges, repel. Unlike charges, attract.
• The vast majority of positive charges are carried out by the protons, while the vast majority of negative charges are carried out by the electrons.
• There is a misconception that electric charge is a particle due to how it is denoted. However, it is a property of a particle. Not a particle itself.
• Electric charge is denoted as, q.
• Electric charge has an SI unit of Coulomb (C). It is after a French physicist, called Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
• Protons and electrons are considered to have basic charges. That means, they possess the tiniest charge a particle can hold. And, these charges are the positive and the negative.
• Basic charge is also known as elementary charge, or, e.
• Protons and electrons are opposite in charge but similar in magnitude. That magnitude being: e = 1.602 × 10^-19.
• Elementary charge is constant [23] in the calculator.
• In ways of charging, it is not necessarily the case that we are making one. Instead, it is a way of losing and enriching a charge of the objects.
• Charging by rubbing is a separation of charges by bringing the two objects to physical contact.
• Charging by rubbing is one of the earliest recorded electrical phenomena.
• The ancient Greek, Thales of Miletus, used an amber, which is a fossilized resin (tree sap) from an extinct tree, and a piece of fur. He rubbed them together, and then they were attracted.
• William Gilbert further studied the experiment and he found out that an electrified amber attracts a piece of fur, but repels another electrified amber.
• Charging by rubbing is the transfer of electrons from the object to another object, increasing the separation charge.
• The objects are in neutral stage if they have equal numbers of protons and electrons. The objects are charged, on the other hand, if they have unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
• Charging by induction is the opposite of the charging by rubbing in terms of the physical contact. It is a way of charging without having to touch the object to another charged object.
• Charging by induction is like how conductor works.
• Conductors enable smooth and free flow of charge, therefore smooth and free flow of electricity. They have 1 or 2 valence electrons.
• Valence electrons are the electrons in the valence shell, which is the outermost layer part of the orbital.
• Conductors enable smooth and free flow of electricity since the valence electrons are easily dislodged from the orbital. The reason is that the attractive force happening between the valence electrons and the nucleus is weak with the far separation distance.
• Charging by induction is the redistribution, rearrangement, or disorientation of charges. This is called polarization, which means that the object experiencing it is said to be polarized.
• The resulting separation is called electric dipole. Dipole, a Latin word, means two poles.
• Electricity is the reason behind why charges are not being studied.
• Electricity is the movement of electrons from one place to another. This movement is seen to both charging by rubbing and induction.
• Electricity came from the Greek word, elektron, meaning amber.
• The amber and fur phenomena from the Ancient Greece is called the "amber effect." They thought that the amber was only the object that has charges.