clinical part 2

• Key definitions of abnormality:

  • Statistical deviation
  • Social norm violation (Breaking social norms)
  • Maladaptive behavior (Inability to reach goals/interferes, disrupts social functioning)
  • Personal distress (Being upset or worried)
  • Deviation from an ideal (Striving for personal and cultural)
  • Medical disorder (Physical disease)
• Psychological dysfunction is a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

  • Disability/Impairment: Behavior causes impairment in some important aspect of life (e.g., family, school, work)
  • Personal distress: Behavior causes extreme distress
• Abnormal behavior can be characterized by:

  • Atypical/Norm violations: Behavior occurs infrequently or deviates from the average
  • Dangerousness: Behavior may harm oneself or others
• Abnormal behavior includes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and result in impairment in functioning or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment
• Course of disorders:

  • Chronic: Last for a long time/lifetime
  • Episodic: Recovery and reoccurrence
  • Time-Limited: Improve without treatment
  • Onset: How disorders begin
  • Acute: Begin suddenly
  • Insidious: Develop gradually over an extended period
  • Chronic: Conditions or symptoms that persist or progress over a long period of time and are resistant to cure
• Historical conceptions of abnormal psychology:

  • Agents of evil that possess people are a cause of abnormal/bizarre behavior
  • Treatments included trephination, torture, exorcism, and dunking
• Supernatural tradition:

  • Mental illness is always due to physical causes and should be treated the same as physical illnesses
  • Treatments included medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and insulin shock therapy
• Biological tradition:

  • The mentally ill were institutionalized in asylums and madhouses
  • Moral therapy and Mental Hygiene Movement were introduced
• Psychological tradition:

  • Development of asylums for the confinement and care of the mentally ill
  • Moral treatment focused on the patient's social, individual, and occupational needs
• Contemporary thought:

  • Thomas Sydenham introduced an empirical approach to classification and diagnosis
  • William Greisinger emphasized the diagnosis of mental health with a biological cause
  • Emil Kaeplin established the biological nature of mental illness
• Psychoanalytic Perspective:

  • Unconscious elements, defense mechanisms, psychosexual development
  • Structure of the mind
• Behavioral Perspective:

  • Empirical approach, learning, associations, conditioning, behavior modification
• Humanistic Perspective:

  • Unquantifiable experiences, freedom and potential, needs, self-actualization
• Humanistic Psychotherapy:

  • Abraham Maslow focused on self-actualization
• Client-Centered Psychotherapy:

  • Carl Rogers emphasized client-centered psychotherapy
• Logotherapy:

  • Victor Frankl introduced logotherapy
• Behavioral Model of Psychotherapy:

  • Ivan Pavlov introduced classical conditioning
  • Mary Cover Jones focused on the treatment of phobias through exposure
  • Joseph Wolpe developed systematic desensitization/exposure + relaxation techniques
  • B.F. Skinner introduced operant conditioning
• International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD):

  • WHO's classification for all diseases and related health problems
  • ICD is a globally used medical classification used in epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR):

  • Features the most current text updates based on scientific literature
  • Includes a new diagnosis (prolonged grief disorder) and clarifying modifications to the criteria sets for more than 70 disorders
• Psychological Disorders:

  • Anxiety Disorders: Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder
  • Bipolar and Related Disorders: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic
  • Depressive Disorders: Major depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder
  • Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders: Intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, oppositional defiant disorder, pyromania
• Dissociative Disorders:

  • Characterized by an involuntary disconnection between consciousness, memories, emotions, perceptions, and behaviors
• Elimination Disorders:

  • Children with elimination disorders repeatedly void urine or feces at inappropriate times and in inappropriate places
• Feeding and Eating Disorders:

  • Anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia nervosa
• Gender Dysphoria:

  • Occurs when a person feels extreme discomfort or distress because their gender identity is at odds with the gender they were assigned at birth
• Neurocognitive Disorders:

  • Characterized by a decrease in a person's previous level of cognitive function
• Neurodevelopmental Disorders:

  • Manifest early in development and are characterized by impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
• Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders:

  • Body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Paraphilic Disorders:

  • Intense or persistent sexual interests that cause distress or impairment
• Personality Disorders:

  • Enduring inflexible pattern of experience and behavior that causes distress or impairment
• Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders:

  • Defined by abnormalities in delusions, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior, hallucinations, and negative symptoms
• Sexual Dysfunctions:

  • Inability to fully engage in or experience sexual pleasure
• Sleep-Wake Disorders:

  • Characterized by problems falling asleep or staying awake at desired or socially appropriate times
• Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:

  • People feel extreme anxiety about physical symptoms that disrupt daily life
• Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders:

  • Characterized by a cluster of behavioral and physical symptoms related to substance use
• Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders:

  • Related to exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• • Psychologists uphold the value of confidentiality of personal information
  • Psychologists uphold the value of fairness and justice in the treatment of others
• Principle 1 - Respect for the dignity of all human beings:

  • Psychologists recognize and respect the unique worth and inherent dignity of all human beings
  • Psychologists respect the customs and beliefs of cultures, limited only when a custom or belief seriously contravenes the principle of respect for the dignity of human beings or causes serious harm to their well-being
  • Psychologists uphold the value of free and informed consent
  • Psychologists uphold the value of privacy of individuals, families, groups, and communities
• Principle 2: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Others:

  • Psychologists demonstrate an active concern for the well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities
  • Psychologists uphold the value of taking care to do no harm to individuals, families, groups, and communities
  • Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing benefits and minimizing potential harms to individuals, families, groups, and communities
  • Psychologists uphold the value of taking responsibility for correcting or offsetting harmful effects that have occurred as a result of their activities
• • Psychologists uphold the value of developing and maintaining competence
  • Psychologists uphold the value of self-knowledge regarding how their own values, attitudes, experiences, and social context influence their actions, interpretations, choices, and recommendations
  • Psychologists recognize and respect the ability of individuals, families, groups, and communities to make decisions for themselves and to care for themselves and each other
• Principle 3: Integrity:

  • Psychologists uphold the value of truthfulness, and honest, accurate and open communications
  • Psychologists avoid incomplete disclosure of information unless complete disclosure is culturally inappropriate, or violates the confidentiality of others, or carries the potential to do serious harm to individuals, families, groups, or communities
  • Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing impartiality and minimizing biases
  • Psychologists uphold the value of not exploiting others for personal, professional, or financial gain