Maladaptive behavior (Inability to reach goals/interferes, disrupts social functioning)
Personal distress (Being upset or worried)
Deviation from an ideal (Striving for personal and cultural)
Medical disorder (Physical disease)
Psychological dysfunction is a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Disability/Impairment: Behavior causes impairment in some important aspect of life (e.g., family, school, work)
Personal distress: Behavior causes extreme distress
Abnormal behavior can be characterized by:
Atypical/Norm violations: Behavior occurs infrequently or deviates from the average
Dangerousness: Behavior may harm oneself or others
Abnormal behavior includes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and result in impairment in functioning or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment
Course of disorders:
Chronic: Last for a long time/lifetime
Episodic: Recovery and reoccurrence
Time-Limited: Improve without treatment
Onset: How disorders begin
Acute: Begin suddenly
Insidious: Develop gradually over an extended period
Chronic: Conditions or symptoms that persist or progress over a long period of time and are resistant to cure
Historical conceptions of abnormal psychology:
Agents of evil that possess people are a cause of abnormal/bizarre behavior
Treatments included trephination, torture, exorcism, and dunking
Supernatural tradition:
Mental illness is always due to physical causes and should be treated the same as physical illnesses
Treatments included medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and insulin shock therapy
Biological tradition:
The mentally ill were institutionalized in asylums and madhouses
Moral therapy and Mental Hygiene Movement were introduced
Psychological tradition:
Development of asylums for the confinement and care of the mentally ill
Moral treatment focused on the patient's social, individual, and occupational needs
Contemporary thought:
Thomas Sydenham introduced an empirical approach to classification and diagnosis
William Greisinger emphasized the diagnosis of mental health with a biological cause
Emil Kaeplin established the biological nature of mental illness
Psychoanalytic Perspective:
Unconscious elements, defense mechanisms, psychosexual development
Occurs when a person feels extreme discomfort or distress because their gender identity is at odds with the gender they were assigned at birth
Neurocognitive Disorders:
Characterized by a decrease in a person's previous level of cognitive function
Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Manifest early in development and are characterized by impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders:
Body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Paraphilic Disorders:
Intense or persistent sexual interests that cause distress or impairment
Personality Disorders:
Enduring inflexible pattern of experience and behavior that causes distress or impairment
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders:
Defined by abnormalities in delusions, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior, hallucinations, and negative symptoms
Sexual Dysfunctions:
Inability to fully engage in or experience sexual pleasure
Sleep-Wake Disorders:
Characterized by problems falling asleep or staying awake at desired or socially appropriate times
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:
People feel extreme anxiety about physical symptoms that disrupt daily life
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders:
Characterized by a cluster of behavioral and physical symptoms related to substance use
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders:
Related to exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Psychologists uphold the value of confidentiality of personal information
Psychologists uphold the value of fairness and justice in the treatment of others
Principle 1 - Respect for the dignity of all human beings:
Psychologists recognize and respect the unique worth and inherent dignity of all human beings
Psychologists respect the customs and beliefs of cultures, limited only when a custom or belief seriously contravenes the principle of respect for the dignity of human beings or causes serious harm to their well-being
Psychologists uphold the value of free and informed consent
Psychologists uphold the value of privacy of individuals, families, groups, and communities
Principle 2: Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Others:
Psychologists demonstrate an active concern for the well-being of individuals, families, groups, and communities
Psychologists uphold the value of taking care to do no harm to individuals, families, groups, and communities
Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing benefits and minimizing potential harms to individuals, families, groups, and communities
Psychologists uphold the value of taking responsibility for correcting or offsetting harmful effects that have occurred as a result of their activities
Psychologists uphold the value of developing and maintaining competence
Psychologists uphold the value of self-knowledgeregarding how their own values, attitudes, experiences, and social context influence their actions, interpretations, choices, and recommendations
Psychologists recognize and respect the ability of individuals, families, groups, and communitiesto make decisions for themselves and to care for themselves and each other
Principle 3: Integrity:
Psychologists uphold the value of truthfulness, and honest, accurate and open communications
Psychologists avoid incomplete disclosure of information unless complete disclosure is culturally inappropriate, or violates the confidentiality of others, or carries the potential to do serious harm to individuals, families, groups, or communities
Psychologists uphold the value of maximizing impartiality and minimizing biases
Psychologists uphold the value of not exploiting others for personal, professional, or financial gain