volcanoes

• the magma chamber is the place where molten rock collects
• Volcanoes are ruptures, vents, or fissures on the crust of a planetary mass object that allow lava, ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
• Volcanology, also known as vulcanology, is the study of volcanoes
• Vulcano is a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Hawaii
• Vulcan is the god of fire in Roman mythology
• The Earth's crust is broken into 17 major tectonic plates
• Cryovolcanoes are ice volcanoes found particularly on some moons of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune
• Mud Volcanoes are formations not often associated with magmatic activity
• Types of Boundaries in Plate Tectonics:

  • Transform Boundary: plates slide past each other, e.g., San Andreas Fault
  • Convergent Boundary: two plates move toward each other, e.g., Pacific Ring of Fire or Mount Etna
  • Divergent Boundary: region where crustal plates move apart, e.g., Mid-Ocean Bridge, Black Smokers, or Iceland
• Oceanic Plate Boundary: one plate is pushed or subducted under the other
• Plate tectonics involve pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere
• Adiabatic Expansion is the release of pressure due to the pull of tectonic plates
• Black smokers are deep-sea vents
• Subduction or Convergent Zones are places where two plates collide
• Flux Melting occurs when water lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, creating magma
• Hotspots are volcanic areas formed by mantle plumes
• Mantle Plumes are columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary in a fixed space, causing large-volume melting, e.g., Hawaiian Islands, Snake River Plain with the Yellowstone Caldera
• Oceanic Plates are plates located under the ocean
• Spreading occurs when two plates move away from each other and new crust is created
• Subduction happens when two plates collide, and one plate dives beneath the other, ending up being destroyed in the mantle
• Intrusion: magma that cools beneath the surface of a volcano without erupting
• Volcanism: transportation mechanism of heat extrusion through the surface
• Asthenosphere: top part of the Earth's mantle containing elements such as uranium and thorium
• Extrusion: magma that cools at the surface of a volcano causing it to grow on the outside
• Magma: molten rocks under the lithosphere
• Lava: when magma reaches the Earth's surface, it becomes liquid rock
• Tephra: boulders or dust belched forth by cinder cones
• Volcanologists: people who study volcanoes
• PHIVOLCS: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
• Magma Chamber or Magma Reservoir: cavity in the lower layers of the crust
• Parasitic Cone: small cone-shaped volcano formed by an accumulation of volcanic debris
• Sill: flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens in a crack in a volcano
• Vent: opening in Earth's surface through which volcanic materials escape
• Flank: the side of a volcano
• Crater: mouth of the volcano that surrounds a volcanic vent
• Conduit: underground passage where magma travels through
• Summit: highest point of a volcano; apex
• Throat: entrance of a volcano that ejects lava and volcanic ash
• Ash: fragments of lava or rock blasted into the air by volcanic explosions
• Ash cloud: cloud of ash formed by volcanic explosions