topic 3 - living energy

• ATP

  • the battery of a cell - stores energy
• aerobic respiration

  • process in which glucose is converted to ATP
  • ATP -> ADP (where one phosphate groups get removed)
• energy transformations

  • apple on tree (potential), falling (kinetic and heat)
  • apple rotting - chemical and heat
  • seedling to tree - potential and kinetic
  • apple eaten - chemical (apple) ->chemical (atp) -> kinetic (muscles) -> heat (sweat)
• troph - ability to obtain food

  • autotroph - can attain food by itself
  • photoautotroph - can attain food from light by itself (plants)
  • heterotroph - must have a diet to obtain food (humans)
• diagram

  A) cellular respiration

  B) cytoplasm

  C) mitochondria

  D) chloroplasts

  
• mitochondria

  • catabolic organelle
  • breaks glucose down into smaller units which produce ATP
• chloroplasts

  • anabolic organelle
  • using light, CO2 and H20 to produce a large glucose molecule
• light dependent reactions - inside a chloroplast

  • sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll is converted to stored chemical energy
  • depends on the Thylakoid (made up of little grana's which captures light)
  • due to this, the light splits water molecules into H+ and thus ATP
• light-independent reactions / calvin cycle - inside a chloroplast

  -chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the formation of sugar molecules from CO2

  
• grana

  • the singular green things which harvest light energy, energy used to split H20

  
• photosynthetic electron transport chain - thylakoid membrane

  1. light splits H20 into O2, H+ and electrons
  2. accumulation of H+ creates a concentration gradient
  3. this potential energy (from H+) pushes H+ through the ATP synthase to create ATP (ADP + P)
  4. the ATP will go through the calvin cycle to create glucose

  
• the calvin cycle

  CO2, ATP, NADPH go in, which produces a 3 carbon molecule. only one CO2 goes in each time, so repeat 3 times. Then do this twice to form 6-carbon glucose

  1. carboxylation : where all the CO2 are joined together to form a 3-carbon molecule using RuBP as an enzyme (catalyse)
  2. reduction : when NAPH is reduced to NAP+ to stabilise the 3-carbon molecule
  3. regeneration : 3-carbon molecule are reorganised to produce RuBP
• photosynthesis vs cellular resp.

  • similarities: both produce ATP, both have an electron transport chain, both rely on ATP synthase
  • differences

  A) photosynthesis

  B) respiration

  C) living organisms

  D) anabolic

  E) catabolic

  
• cellular respiration - in mitochondrion (not chloroplast)

  1. glucose is converted to a 3-carbon pyruvate
  2. pyruvate is oxidised to Acetyl CoA
  3. Acetyl CoA goes through the citric acid cycle to produce electron donors
  4. these electron donors go to the electron transport chain (ie. oxid. phos.)

  
• electron transport chain (ie. oxid. phosph.) VIA cellular resp.

  • inside mitochondrion, not chloroplast
  • from the citirc acid cycle: NADH and FADH2 acting as electron donors
  • H+ creating concentration gradient from water splitting (ATP, NOT USING LIGHT)
  • the same as photosynthesis...