Reading and Writing

• Patterns of Development helps sort out information and shape paragraphs or essays.
• Narration means to tell a story about people,places,events,dates, etc.
• Setting, element of narration which refers to time,place or location, atmosphere, and mood of the story.
• Characters pertain to persons involved in the story
• Plot is an element of narration which refers to the series of events
• Point of view is an element of narration which refers to the perspective of the writer in narrating the story.
• Exposition is the beginning of the story where the characters are introduced
• Rising Action is when the conflict is exposed
• Climax is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story.
• Falling action is when the conflict begins to be resolved with predictable ending
• Denouement refers to the final resolution of the story
• Description means to tell what something is like. What you see is what you say
• Definition means to define, to say something about even with your own experience and own understanding
• Exemplification refers to developing writeup through giving examples. It mean to extend a writeup
• Classification means to classify
• Comparison and Contrast refers to getting similarities and differences
• Cause and effect/Casual means to find reasons that produced a certain result or to identify the results produced by a certain phenomenon
• Problem-solution means to start by identifying a problem then proposes at least two or more solutions
• Persuation means to organize ideas and how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument
• Organization is also known as arrangement. This can be achieved when our ideas, the happenings or events are arranged logically or accurately.
• 3 techniques of organization

  Physical format

  Ex. Boldface, Italic, Underlined, Color

  Signal words

  First, Second, Third, Next, Lastly

  Structure

  Beginning-Introduction

  Middle-Body

  Conclusion-Conclusion
• Coherence is the overall sense of unity of the idea up to the text. It's the relationship of ideas between sentences.
• Cohesion is the connection of your ideas at sentence level and paragraph level. It's also the connection of the central concept or idea of the text
• Unity, you can achieve this with the coherence and cohesion in your text.
• Language is a powerful tool and is one of the clearest indications of a well-written text.
• Formal Language, is a type of language used in writing academic, business, and official texts.
• Informal Language, is a type of language usually used in writing for oneself or in writing to family, friends, and colleagues.
• Unbiased Language, is a language that is free of racial bias, free of religious bias, and free of gender bias.
• Mechanics, utilize your writing prowess through practice skills in grammar. It's also known as conventions in writing.
• Spelling, is an element of mechanics that refers to forming of words from letters according to accepted usage.
• Punctuations, is an element of mechanics that refers to the use of punctuation based on the impact and thought you want to emphasize in your text.
• Capitalization is an element of mechanics that considers the conventions in capitalizing words such as proper nouns and titles.
• Explicit is a claim that is clearly and directly stated in the text which means that you can easily point out the information in the passage.
• Implicit, is a claim that the underlying or suggested meaning of a text or statement. it is something that is not stated directly and may not be understood by the reader easily.
• Question mark(?), it is placed at the end of a question and to note questionable items
• Quotation marks(" "), is used to indicate direct quotations
• Apostrophe('), it is employed to show possession to show missing letters and numbers to show plurals of letters
• Colon(:), it is used after independent clauses to introduced elements/to separate items in numerals, ratios, titles, subtitles, time references and scripture references
• Parenthesis [( )], these are used to set off nonessential details and explanations, to enclose letters and numbers used when listing items, first time use of acronym
• Brackets([ ]), are used to set off clarifications inserted in quotations