BUS AP

• Computer - An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce information (output) from the processing, and store the results for future use.
• Input Devices - Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer
• Output devices make the information resulting from processing available for use
• Storage Device - is any hardware component used by computers to hold data or programs temporarily or permanently
• Output devices make the information resulting from processing available for use
• The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
• The control unit interprets the instructions
• The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs the logical and arithmetic processes
• random access memory - consists of electronic components that store data, instructions, and information, as needed by the processor
• A communications device is a hardware component that enables a computer to send (transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or more computers
• • Analog Computers  - are built with various components such as gears and levers, with no electrical components. One advantage is that designing and building this computer to tackle a specific problem can be quite straightforward.
• Digital Computers – Information in this computers is represented in discrete form, typically as sequences of 0s and 1s (binary digits, or bits).
• digital computer - a system or gadget that can process any type of information in a matter of seconds.
• Mainframe computers – It is a computer that is generally utilized by large enterprises for mission-critical activities such as massive data processing. It was distinguished by massive storage capacities, quick components, and powerful computational capabilities. Because they were complicated systems, they were managed by a team of systems programmers who had sole access to the computer. These machines are now referred to as servers
• Supercomputers – The most powerful computers to date. These are enormous systems that are purpose-built to solve complicated scientific and industrial problems. Quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modelling, physical simulations, aerodynamics, nuclear fusion research, and cryptoanalysis are all done on this type of computer.
• Minicomputers – a type of computer that has many of the same features and capabilities as a larger computer but is smaller in size. These were relatively small and affordable, were often employed in a single department of an organization and were often dedicated to a specific task or shared by a small group.
• Microcomputers – a small computer that is based on a microprocessor integrated circuit, often known as a chip. It is a system that incorporates at a minimum a microprocessor, program memory, data memory, and input-output system (I/O). It is now commonly referred to as a personal computer (PC).
• Embedded processors – These are miniature computers that control electrical and mechanical processes with basic microprocessors. These are often simple in design, have limited processing capability and I/O capabilities, and need little power. Ordinary microprocessors and microcontrollers are the two primary types of embedded processors. These are employed in systems that do not require the computing capability of traditional devices such as desktop computers, laptop computers, or workstations.
• The principle of modern computers was proposed by Alan Turing
• Who introduced the first computer from home use in 1981? IBM
• Third generation computers used which programming language?

  FORTRAN
• System software consists of programs to control the operations of computer equipment
• When a computer is turned on, the operating system is loaded into the computer’s memory from auxiliary storage, a process called booting
• Instructions in the operating system tell the computer how to perform the functions of loading, storing, and executing an application program and how to transfer data
• Most computers use an operating system that has a graphical user interface (GUI)
• A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together so users can share data and resources
• A local area network (LAN) connects computers in a limited geographic area
• A wide area network (WAN) covers a large geographical area
• One of the more popular segments of the Internet is the World Wide Web, also called the Web.
• A Web page is a document that contains text, graphics, sound, and/or video and has built-in connections, or hyperlinks to other Web documents
• A Web site is a related collection of Web pages You access and view Web pages using a software program called a Web browser
• A Web page has a unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• A hyperlink is a virtual connection to another place on the Web
• Cookies – a text file created by a Web server and your Web browser, that sits on your hard drive
• Search engine – a Web site containing a database of web pages and their content
• Electronic commerce – conducting business online, such as shopping or investing.
• Portal - a launching point for browsing online; one of the most well-known is Yahoo!, where you can search the Web, shop, chat, check e-mail, build a Web site, and view news articles.