STM 008: MODULE 18

• Recombinant DNA


  is a DNA that has been created artificially
• Recombinant DNA


  it is DNA from two or more sources and is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture. and industry
• Recombinant DNA technology


  the technology used for producing artificial DNA through the combination of different genetic materials (DNA) from different sources is referred to as?
• genetic engineering


  Recombinant DNA technology us popularly known as _______?
• DNA technology; 1968; Werner Arber

  it emerged with the discovery of restriction enzymes in the year _______ by Swiss microbiologist________.
• DNA Extraction

  Gene Cloning

  Gene Design

  Transformation

  Backcross Breeding

  what are the Processes on Recombinant DNA Technology?
• DNA Extraction


  In order to work with DNA, scientists must extract it from the desired organism. A sample of an organism containing the gene of interest is taken through a series of steps to remove the DNA
• Gene Cloning


  it is used to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it
• Gene Design


  - Once a gene has been cloned, genetic engineers begin designing the gene to work once inside a different organism.
• Gene Design


  This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have been separated.
• Transformation


  the new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques (gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and electroporation).
• Transformation


  the main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it
• Backcross breeding


  Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line
• Backcross breeding


  the offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high yielding transgenic line
• Food Industry

  Pharmaceutical Industry

  Medical Research

  Agricultural Industry

  Give examples where Recombinant DNA is applied
• Biotechnology


  is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products, developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the organisms' genetic material (DNA).
• Recombinant DNA


  production of a unique DNA molecule by joining together two or more DNA fragments not normally associated with each other
• genetic engineering


  performed under highly controllable laboratory conditions so that the cell can performn completely functions
• Gene Extraction


  is a routine procedure used to isolate DNA from the nucleus of cells
• Gene Extraction


  breaking cells open to release the DNA
• Gene Extraction


  This process involves Separating DNA from proteins, Precipitating DNA with an alcohol, Cleaning the DNA, Confirming the presence and quality
• transgenic


  Backcross breeding is the final step in the genetic engineering process, where the ________ crop is crossed with a variety that possesses important agronomic traits, and selected in order to obtain high quality plants
• DNA Library


  is a collection of DNA fragments that make up the entire genome of a particular organism
• antibiotics


  In preliminary screening of clones, it is common to use?
• restriction endonucleases


  A library of DNA fragments result from the use of?
• DNA fingerprints


  investigators look for?
• geologic time scale is a system usedby scientists to divide Earth's history intodifferent time periods
• Geologic time is an extensive interval encompassing the geologic history of earth
• Formal geologic time starts at the beginning of the Archean Eon (4.0 billionto 2.5 billion years ago) and extends to the present day
• James Hutton, a pioneering scientist ingeology, played a crucial role in understanding geologic time.
• In the late 1700s,Hutton conducted extensive travels across Great Britain, focusing on the study of sedimentary rocks and their fossils
• Hutton's key insight was that the processes shaping the Earth's features today were responsible for the formation of rocks and fossils in the past. Recognizing the gradual nature of these processes, Hutton concluded that rocks must have formed over millions of years.
• Eon: The largest division of time on the geologic timescale. It is further divided into eras.
• Era: A subdivision of an eon, representing a significant period of time characterized by major geological and biological changes.
• Period: A subdivision of an era, representing a smaller span of time characterized by specific geological and biological events.
• Epoch: A subdivision of a period, representing an even smaller span of time characterized by distinct geological and biological features
• Precambrian Era This is the longest era, spanning from the formation of Earth to about 541 million years ago. - It is characterized by the formation of the Earth's crust, the development of the atmosphere, and the emergence of life in the form of simple organisms.- Fossils from this era are rare and mostly consistof single-celled organisms
• Paleozoic Era This era lasted from about 541 to 252 million years ago.- It is known as the "Age of Invertebrates "because it was dominated by marine invertebrates such as trilobites and brachiopods.- The first fish, amphibians, reptiles, and insects appeared during this era.- The end of the Paleozoic Era was marked by a mass extinction event that wiped out 90% of marine species.
• Mesozoic Era This era lasted from about 252 to 66 million years ago.- It is known as the "Age of Reptiles "or the "Dinosaur Age."- Dinosaurs were the dominant land animals during this era, and birds and mammals also appeared.- The Mesozoic Era ended with another mass extinction event, which led to the extinction of dinosaurs.
• Cenozoic Era This era began about 66 million years ago and continues to the present day.- It is known as the "Age of Mammals" because mammals are the dominant land animals.- Humans evolved during this era, and significant geological events such as the formation of mountain ranges and the ice ages occurred.