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• Nursing was untaught and instinctive, performed out of compassion for others and desire to help others
• Nursing was a function that belonged to women, taking care of the children, the sick, and the aged
• Believed that illness causes the invasion of evil spirit through the use of black magic or voodoo
• Believed that medicine man was called shaman or witch doctor having the power to heal using white magic
• Code of Hammurabi introduced the art of embalming and developed the ability to make keen observations and left a record of 250 recognized diseases
• Moses was recognized as the "Father of Sanitation" and wrote in the Old Testament
• God Asclepius was the God of Medicine in Greece and built a temple that served as a hospital
• Hippocrates invented the Hippocratic Oath and encouraged health care providers to look not just at the physical parts of the patient but also at the environment
• Vedas in India contained spices, herbs, magic, and charms used for healing
• Yin and Yang in China represent the balance of health and illness in the natural world
• Doctor Galen expanded his knowledge about anatomy, physiology, pathology, and medical therapeutics in Rome
• Florence Nightingale is known as the Mother of Modern Nursing and laid the foundation of professional nursing
• Establishment of World Health Organization and the use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment
• Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified and the development of the expanded role of nurses
• Beliefs about causation of disease included evil spirits, enemies, or witches
• People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons
• Superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health and sickness such as Herbmen or Herbicheros as one who practiced witchcraft
• The religious orders in the Spanish period built hospitals in the Philippines to care for the sick
• Prominent persons involved in nursing works during the Philippine Revolution included Josephine Bracken, Rosa Sevilla de Alvero, Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo, Melchora Aquino, Capitan Salome, Agueda Kahabagan, and Trinidad Tecson
• Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing was run by the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America and graduated 22 nurses in March 1944
• St. Paul's Hospital School of Nursing was established by the Archbishop of Manila and provided general hospital services with a free dispensary and dental clinic
• Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines at St. Luke's Hospital School of Nursing
• Nursing Metaparadigm includes the discipline of nursing, human beings, environment, and health
• Person is the recipient of nursing care and may include patients, groups, families, and communities
• Health is characterized by multiple dimensions in a constant state of motion and focuses on the totality of a person
• Environment includes internal and external factors that affect the client and how a person continuously interacts with their surroundings
• Nursing involves the attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client
• Florence Nightingale viewed person as a multidimensional being, health as a combination of environment, psychological, and physical factors, environment as a factor for nature to act upon the patient, and nursing as a community health model
• Dorothea Elizabeth Orem defined humans as men, women, and children cared for either singly or as social units, health as structurally and functionally whole or sound, environment as physical, chemical, and biological features, and nursing as an art through which specialized assistance is given to persons with disabilities
• Safety needs contribute largely to behavior and include financial security, freedom from harm, psychological safety, and physical safety
• Love/Belonging involves the need to fulfill one's total potential and become the best they can be
• Self-actualization involves the need for survival, highest priority, and must be met first
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and A-B-C (Airway-Breathing-Circulation) are used to prioritize the patient and the problem
• Theory of Caritative Caring by Katie Eriksson focuses on alleviating suffering and serving life and health through unconditional love
• Theory of Transpersonal Nursing by Jean Watson emphasizes caring as the essence of nursing and the transpersonal caring relationship between the nurse and the patient
• The Primary Caring Model from Novice to Expert Nursing Model by Patricia Benner proposes that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time
• Primary Caring of Model from Novice to Expert Nursing Model:

  • Stages of Clinical Competence:
  • Novice: needs recipes, monitoring, and first success
  • Advanced Beginner: needs simple, controlled simulations
  • Competent: needs real-world exposure
  • Proficient: needs unhindered practice and the big picture
  • Expert: needs to expand knowledge and experience
• Domains of Nursing Practice:

  • The helping role
  • The teaching-coaching function
  • The diagnostic and patient-monitoring function
  • Effective management of rapidly changing situations
• Key Aspects of Expert Nurse’s Practice:

  • Demonstrating a clinical grasp and resource-based principle
  • Possessing the embodied know-how
  • Seeing the big picture
  • Seeing the unexpected
• Unitary Human Being Theory:

  • Martha Rogers
  • Person is a unitary energy system in continuous mutual interaction with the universal energy system
  • Encourages nursing to consider each person as a whole being when planning and delivering care
  • Basic assumptions describe the life processes in human beings