Theories

• Handy Shamrock Model- It consists of three leaves: the first leaf is the core workers, the second is the freelancers and part-timers, and the third is the outsourcing. This model helps businesses to be flexible and adapt to changing needs.
• Holacracy- An alternative way of organizing a company, instead of top-down management it distributes authority to self-governing teams called "circles". Each circle has a defined roles and responsibilities. Some benefits to employees is that it is collaborative, no fixed salary
• Taylor theory- should maintain close control and supervision over their employees like autocratic leadership. Taylor believes that workers are lazy and are only motivated by capital
• • Herzberg two Factor theory- Motivating factors and Hygiene factors ,
  • Motivating factors- Achievement, recognition, responsibility, challenge, promotion, growth
  • Hygiene Factors- Company policy, supervision, relations with boss, working conditions, pay and benefits, co-workers, job security. (demotivators when they are not there)
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- It is a triangle, with the most basic needs at the bottom and the most advanced needs at the top. First is physiological ( basic needs), then safety (job security), Social (Feeling wanted), Esteem ( self-respect), and self-actualisation (achieving targets). You cant get the top without getting the bottom first.
• McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory- Suggests that individuals have three primary needs: Achievement, affiliation, and power
• Deci & Ryan Self- Determination Theory- says that individuals are motivated when their basic psychological needs for autonomy (desire for self-direction), competence ( feeling capable and effective) and relatedness (need for social connection) are fulfilled
• • Equity (Adams) Theory- suggests that individuals are motivated when they perceive fairness and equity in the workplace.
  • Expectancy (Vroom) Theory- suggests that motivation is driven by the belief that effort leads to performance and performance leads to desired outcomes
• • Handy Theory (Corporate culture)- has 4 types of culture ,
  • Power culture ( where power and decision making are centralized in the hands of a few individuals or a strong leader),
  • Role( where emphasis is placed on clearly defined roles and responsibilities)
  • Task (Individuals with specific skills and expertise come together in teams to collaborate and solve complex problems or complete specific projects)
  • person culture.( Individuals believe they are superior to the organization and prioritise their own personal goals and interests over the organization objectives)
• Handy theory- Believes that different management styles can be represented in 4 distinct gods:

  • Zeus- Traditional hierarchical structure with clear authority and decision making
  • Apollo- Professional bureaucracy, emphasisiemphasizingng efficiency and specialisation
  • Athena- the matrix structure, promoting teamwork and collaboration
  • Dionysus- represents the entrepreneurial adhocracy encouraging creativity and flexibility specialization