Becoming a member of society

• Enculturation - describes the process of being socialized into a specific culture.

  Through this, individuals learn cultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interacting with family, friends, teachers and the rest of the society
• Socialization - refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society.

  It prepares new members of society and trains them to think, feel, and act in appropriate ways.
• Socialization may be subjective or objective
• Social process

  • The process which in society we all become uniform because of the norms and values we leam.

  Socialization is a continuous process through which personal identity is formed and the norms, values, and the social skills appropriate to the individual's social position/status and the roles associated with specific statuses are learned.

  Functions:

  1. Personality and role development

  2. Skills development and training

  3. Values formation

  4. Social integration and adjustment (itatatak sa isipan)

  5. Social control and stability
• 1. Identity formation

  • According to George Herbert Mead, "The self is something which has a development; it is not there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is develops in the given individual as a result of his or her relations to the process as a whole and to the individuals within that process" (Mead 1934, p. 135).
• The individual personality is the important result of the process of socialization.

  An individual's stable pattern of thought, feeling and action is referred to as personality.
• B. Norms and Values

  Norms - are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society. It recognizes smaller group units, such as a team or an office, may also endorse norms separate or in addition to cultural or societal expectations. In other words, norms are regarded to exist as collective representations of acceptable group conduct as well as individual perceptions of particular groups conduct.
• Values - social values form an important part of the culture of the society

  Values account for the stability of social order.

  Provide the general guidelines for social conduct

  Values such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our behavior in many ways.

  Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives; arrange their priorities and choosing between alternative course of action.
• C. Status and Roles

  Status- defined by Max Weber as the esteem or "social honor" given to certain individuals or groups.

  Status refers the relative position of an individual in a society or a social group. An individual may have many statuses. A status can be acquired or lost as an individual go through his/her life.

  Statuses can either be ascribed or achieved.
• Ascribed status is the social status that an individual has no control of It is set by the circumstance of once birth. Ascribed statuses include ones socioeconomic status at birth, age, and ethnicity, among others.

  Achieved status is the social status that an individual voluntarily takes based on his/her own merits or capability.
• Roles refer to the characteristic way of behaving of an individual according to his/her status.

  • For instance, a woman, takes on many different roles like being a mother or a sister, a worker and a team member.

  • When one displays a behavior that is against an individual role, it is called deviance.
• Socialization: Role Conflict

  When an individual is subjected to a scenario wherein the individual is required to do more than one task based on his/her social role that cannot be done at the same time or the roles are incompatible with each other, this is called a role conflict.

  When the two or more roles of a individual causes scenarios wherein the individual is asked to do things which cannot all be done, or the two roles asks for two incompatible actions, role conflict arises.

  Role conflict occurs when the demands or expectations associated with two or more statuses are incompatible
• Socialization is a social process wherein an individual is interacting with a society through which the individual acquire personality and learn the way of that society.

  Enculturation is the process of learning the culture of a particular group of people through experience, observation, and instruction.
• Socialization: Context

  The context of socialization is concerned with the relationship of a person to his or her social environment. It is used by social scientists to refer to the lifelong process that a person uses to learn the norms, customs, and values necessary for interacting and developing relationships with other people.
• Enculturation: Context

  The context of enculturation is focused on cultural learning.

  Unlike socialization, it is specific to the culture where we live in.
• Socialization: Content

  • Socialization is the learning and mastering of social norms, values, and belief systems existing in a society. Since there is a possibility of multiple cultures existing in a society, socialization does not focus only on one particular culture, instead, it teaches a person how to interact with his/her social environment.

  In turn, socialization is the umbrella process where enculturation and acculturation (the process of learning another culture aside from own culture) belong.
• Enculturation: Content

  In enculturation, the person learns the "control mechanisms that govern his or her behavior through traditional activities and beliefs.

  People learns the symbols and their meanings as used in their own culture. A person also learns about the customs, traditions, and moral beliefs that are considered acceptable in one's culture.

  Enculturation answers such questions as: How should we do things? How can we make sense of the world? What is right? What is wrong? Why do things happen? What affects my thoughts and actions?
• Socialization: Processes

  The process of socialization mainly involve the internalization of rules and patterns of behaviors observed from the members of the society.

  The process of socialization begins at the first day of the life of a person.
• According to John Berry, Ype Poortinga, and Janak Pandey, socialization occurs through different means such as:

  1. Imitation
  2. identification
  3. Play
  4. Role taking
  5. Language acquisition
  6. Contact with books
  7. Media
  8. Education
• Socialization:

  • Interaction with social environment and broader society
  • Learning and mastering societal norms, values, and belief systems
  • Internalization of rules and patterns of behaviors observed from society members
• Enculturation:

  • Interaction and absorbance of cultural symbols and belief system
  • Learns the symbols and their meaning in one's culture
  • Involves language and customs
  • Conscious and unconscious internalization of the patterns of rules and behavior of one's culture
• Conformity- refers to the process of altering one's thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted behavior within his or her group or society.

  Deviance - is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms.
• Social control is defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws.

  May be informal sanctions or formal sanctions.
• Innovation involves the acceptance of the goals of a culture but the rejection of the traditional and/or legitimate means of attaining those goals. For example, a member of the Mafia values wealth but employs alternative means of attaining his wealth; in this example, the Mafia member's means would be deviant.
• Ritualism involves the rejection of cultural goals but the routinized acceptance of the means for achieving the goals.
• Retreatism involves the rejection of both the cultural goals and the traditional means of achieving those goals.
• Rebellion is a special case wherein the individual rejects both the cultural goals and traditional means of achieving them but actively attempts to replace both elements of the society with different goals and means.
• B. Forms of Deviance

  Ritualism

  Retreatism

  Rebellion

  Innovation
• Human Dignity- refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well.

  Human Rights- are legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity.