L2

• As a METHOD it refers to orderly

  processes of data collection,

  organization, presentation and

  interpretation (tabulation of data,

  computation of rates and frequency

  distribution, graphic presentation)
• As a DATA it refers to quantitative data

  affected to a marked extent by a

  multiplicity of causes. Data are

  collected in order to measure something

  (number of deaths, births, specific

  diseases, hospital admissions)
• Descriptive Statistics Statistical techniques for summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and

  interpret.
• Inferential Statistics Concerned in making estimates, predictions, generalizations, and

  conclusions about a target population

  based on information from a sample
• Demographic ex. Population size, age, sex,

  geographic distribution, mortality,

  morbidity, growth rate
• Health Status Causes and distribution of

  mortality and morbidity as to

  residence, place of occurrence, age,

  sex
• Health related Socio economic

  Environmental Factor Water supply, excreta disposal,

  school enrollment, food

  establishment, transports, food

  intake/habits
• Biostatistics No measurement is perfectly accurate or exact
• Probability Used to described the variety and

  frequency of past outcomes under

  similar conditions as a way of predicting

  what should happen in the future.
• P value- use to express the degree of

  probability or improbability of a

  certain result in an experiment.
• Confidence Interval This is a range of values within which the true result probably falls.
• Variable Measurement of a characteristic
• Qualitative Variables whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group

  from another
• Qualitative Numerical representation of the

  categories are for labeling/coding and

  NOT for comparison
• Qualitative Sex, religion, place of residence,

  disease status
• Discrete integral whole number
• Continuous – can attain any value

  including fractions and decimals
• Quantitative Values indicate a quantitiy or amount and can be expressed numerically
• Quantitative Values can be arranged according to magnitude
• Quantitative Age, height weight, blood pressure
• Nominal

  - A classificatory scale where the

  categories are used as labels only

  - Sex, race, blood group, patient ID
• Ordinal

  Used for categories which can be

  ordered or ranked

  • Likert scale, psychosocial scale
• Interval

  Same characteristics as ordinal; zero

  point is arbitrary and does not mean

  absence of the characteristic

  • Temperature, IQ
• Ratio

  Same characteristics as ordinal; a

  meaningful zero point exist

  • Weight, BP, height, doctor visits
• Tabulation

  • It refers to the arrangement of any data

  in an orderly sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and compactly

  and so that they can be understood

  easily.
• Frequency Distribution Data are grouped according to some

  scale of classification, where the sum

  of the entries is equal to the total.

  The figures may either be in equal

  numbers, in percent or in both. The

  scales used may be qualitative,

  quantitative or both.
• A frequency distribution shows the

  number of observations falling into

  each of several ranges of values.

  Frequency distributions are

  portrayed as frequency tables,

  histograms, or polygons.
• Correlation Data

  • Used to compare two or more

  frequencies
• Time series Data Some variable changes over a period of time is the one being presented.
• Title- it should state the objective of the

  table. It should clearly, briefly and

  comprehensively what the figures in the

  body of the table stand for. How the

  data are classified, where and when

  obtained
• Stubs- indicate the basis of classification

  of the rows or horizontal series of

  figures
• Column headings indicate the basis of

  classification of the columns or vertical

  series of figures.
• Body of the table- this is made up of the

  figures filling the cells or compartments

  brought about by the coordinates of

  rows and columns
• Marginal Totals- refer to the column

  totals and row totals
• Footnote indicate the source of

  information
• Graphing The purpose is to convey a simpler idea of what the statistical table contains .
• Title- indicate clearly and briefly what

  the figures in the body of the graph stand

  for, how the data were classified, and

  where and when obtained. This is placed

  at the bottom of the graph, preceded by

  number for easy reference.
• Axis- a graph has 2 axes, the vertical

  and the horizontal:
• Legend- this is needed when one is

  drawing more than one graph in a

  graphing space. This clarifies to what

  particular item each of the graph refers.

  It is placed either at the bottom of the

  graph or as close as possible to the

  figures being identified.
• Body of the graph- these are the lines,

  bars or figures drawn within the

  graphing space.