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Cards (25)

  • Genes in DNA contain information to make proteins
  • The cell makes mRNA copies of genes that are needed
  • mRNA is read at the ribosomes in the rough ER
  • Transcription converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule
  • RNA carries DNA's instructions
  • The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins
  • The central dogma includes three processes: replication, transcription, translation
  • RNA is a link between DNA and proteins
  • RNA differs from DNA in three major ways:
    • RNA has a ribose sugar
    • RNA has uracil instead of thymine
    • RNA is a single-stranded structure

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein
  • RNA molecules are created by copying DNA into RNA, a process similar to replication, involving complex enzymes and complementary base pairing, and can make multiple copies.
  • Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein
  • Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences
  • A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid
  • The genetic code matches each codon to its amino acid or function:
    • Three stop codons
    • One start codon, codes for methionine
  • During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome
  • Mutations in DNA nucleotide sequence can occur in somatic cells or gametes, caused by spontaneous or mutagens, and can occur in various types.
  • A mutated gene will make a mutated protein, abnormalities and functional issues can
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes
  • Ribosomes are where proteins are made
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes
  • rRNA is where proteins are synthesized
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome
  • Small scale gene mutations involve changes in DNA sequence, leading to nucleotides/bases added, missing, or changed, while point mutations substitute one base, causing nonsense, missense, or silent mutations.