Unit 1 SA

• Which races lived in South Africa in 1948?

  africans, afrikaner, white british, coloured people
• • How was society segregated?

  white(british), boers, africans and coloured
• • What discrimination took place?

  racial discrimination
• Urbanized life involved competition between whites and blacks for jobs
• Life in rural areas:

  • Women were crucial for bringing money in rural areas
  • It was a peasant economy with income from migrant workers
  • Land ownership was divided by class and race
  • Black people mainly worked in farms but were owned by white people
  • Whites held racial authority
• Life in townships:

  • Informal or shack settlements
  • Allocated to black migrants
  • Poor healthcare and sanitation
• Afrikaner culture:

  • Hertzog founded the Afrikaner National Party in 1913
  • Afrikaner nationalism grew during increasing urbanization and secondary industrialization between the two world wars
  • British imperial influence continued in South Africa
• Influence of Britain on South Africa:

  • Popularization of the British language
  • Popularization of British sports
  • South Africa joined Britain in World War II
• Impact of the Second World War on South Africa:

  • Huge social and economic effects
  • Gold and mining remained the biggest industry
  • Manufacturing expanded significantly due to the war and the need for supplies
• Growth of Afrikaner nationalism:

  • The Great Trek involved pouring bibles, newspapers, and magazines off the press, creating new communities and towns with African culture
• Volk:

  • Refers to people, nation, or race
• Great Trek:

  • A northward migration of Dutch-speaking settlers from the Cape Colony into the interior of modern South Africa from 1836 onwards
  • Settlers sought to live beyond the Cape's British colonial administration
• Broederbond:

  • The Afrikaner Broederbond was an exclusively Afrikaner Calvinist and male secret society in South Africa
  • Dedicated to the advancement of the Afrikaner people
• Reasons for the National Party victory in 1948:

  • Economic factors
  • Race and ethnicity considerations
  • Rural and urban vote weighting
  • Strong political organization
• Apartheid was codified through the Population Registration Act of 1950, which classified all South Africans as Bantu (Black Africans), Coloured (mixed race), or white
• The National Party was strengthened by having the right-wing opposition in parliament
• Apartheid laws included:

  • The Immorality Act, 1927: forbade extramarital sex between white people and black people
  • The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949: forbade marriages between white people and people of other races
  • The Immorality Amendment Act, 1950: forbade extramarital sex between white people and people of other races
• Race laws were a system of racial segregation that started before 1948, used to separate whites, including Afrikaners, from Africans and coloured people
• The Group Areas Act assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas, creating a system of urban apartheid
• In Sophiatown, apartheid South Africa forcibly evicted residents on 9 February 1955, demolishing the area and turning it into a whites-only neighbourhood called Triomf
• Durban, a South African beach city, showcases Indian and colonial influences, blending cultures and architecture. Durban's Golden Mile is popular for surfers, families, and fishermen due to its natural beauty and modern resort
• Pass laws in South Africa required nonwhites to carry documents authorising their presence in restricted areas
• Pass laws were a key instrument of apartheid until the government ended the requirement to carry documentation in 1986
• Before apartheid, education for Africans was provided through church-run mission schools
• By 1945, there were 4360 mission schools providing education for Africans
• In 1948, the education system for Africans began to break down due to poor funding, insufficient resources, and ruined buildings
• This breakdown had a negative impact on equal opportunities for education for Africans, leading to unequal conditions
• Less than 33% of Africans attended school, possibly due to overpopulated urban areas causing students to not want to attend
• The Bantu Education Act of 1953 removed control of African education from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Native Affairs
• Subsidies from mission schools were also removed, leading to the closure of many mission schools
• The Tomlinson Report in 1956 reported on the development of homelands in South Africa
• Homelands could not support more than two-thirds of their populations, leading to the recommendation of more land allocation
• Policies of betterment were developed to combat issues like soil erosion, but at a high cost of around 100 million
• The agricultural force in homelands was to be reduced, leading to residents commuting for work outside the borders
• Bantustans were tribal homelands where Africans were left to be responsible for their own affairs
• Tribal leaders governed these homelands, designated by the government and subject to removal if seen as uncooperative
• Betterment policies aimed to combat issues like soil erosion, with a high expected cost of around 100 million
• Rehabilitation involved relocating many Africans as homelands were only allowed to have two-thirds of the land with a population
• Africans were placed in homelands to deal with their own affairs
• The Treason Trial of 1956-1961 involved people of different races protesting apartheid