Sephyrx

• Communication refers to the process in general or the conscious and unconscious behavior
• Communicare (vb) means to share, to make common, to commune
• Communis (n) refers to commonness
• Functions of Communication:

  • Process in general or the conscious and unconscious behavior that communicates
  • Carrying out the process or the secondary techniques
  • Sharing of information, ideas, beliefs, values, and attitude
  • Acts as the cement that holds society together (binding influence, information and entertainment source, persuasive, pervasive)
  • Uses language which is a code or a system of signals among people
• 4 Aspects of Communication:

  1. Communicator (encoder) – who encodes puts ideas into words

  2. Message (symbols) – words transmitted through a channel

  3. Channel – any of the mass media or newspaper

  4. Audience (decoder) – who decodes or translates the message into ideas
• Frame of Reference refers to the point of view
• Feedback is the reaction transmitted to the communicator
• Noise prevents the successful reception of a message:

  • Channel noise: distractions between the source of the message and the audience
  • Semantic noise: when a message is misunderstood
  • Semiotic: the study of signs
• Levels of Communication:

  • Interpersonal (p2p): communication by one or a few persons to another in a face-to-face situation
  • Mediated Communication: uses a medium or channel to communicate in a non-face-to-face situation
  • Mass Communication: delivers information to a large and diversified audience in different places at the same time
  • Mass Media: tools for communicating
  • Traditional Media: folk media such as bugtong, balagtasan
  • Community Media: community members (planner, producer, performers) have access to information, education, entertainment
  • Demassification: shifting from mass media to small/group media
• Chapter 2: Basic Communication Models

  • Linear Model of Communication: one-way communication

  Pros:

  • Good at persuasion and agenda setting

  Cons:

  • No concept of feedback
  • Intentional results
  • No way to know if communication was effective
  • Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication:
  • Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949
  • Series of sequential steps
  • Criticized for its simplicity and linearity
  • Berlo’s Model of Communication (SMCR):
  • Developed by David Berlo in 1960
  • Emphasizes the dynamic and multidirectional nature of communication
  • Interactive Model of Communication:

  Pros:

  • Feedback even in mass communication

  Cons:

  • Feedback takes time
  • New communication channels
  • Sender and receiver might not know who the other person is
  • Schramm’s Model of Communication:
  • A process wherein the message is transmitted using a medium by a sender to a receiver
  • Transactional Model of Communication:

  Pros:

  • Simultaneous feedback
• • Encourages non-verbal communication

  Cons:

  • No discrimination between sender and receiver
  • Considers the context of environment and noise
  • Barnlund’s Model:
  • p – person, cpu – public cues, d – decoding, cpr – private cues, e – encoding, cbchnv – non-verbal behavioral, m - message, cbehv – verbal behavioral
• Additional Models of Media:

  • Hot Media: low audience participation (i.e., radio, film, lecture, print)
  • Cool Media: high audience participation (seminar, telephone, TV)
  • Elitist Media: provide people with what they need
  • Populist Media: provide people with what they want
  • Information and Entertainment Models: based on primary use
• Communication


  Refers to the process in general or the conscious and unconscious behavior
• Communications


  Technical means to carry out the process
• Communicare (verb)


  To share, to make common, to commune
• Communis (noun)


  Commonness
• Language


  Code or a system of signals among people
• 4 Aspects of Communication

  • Communicator (encoder)
  • Message (symbols)
  • Channel
  • Audience (decoder)
• Frame of Reference


  A psychological concept which refers to the point of view
• Feedback


  Reaction transmitted to the communicator
• Types of Noise


  • Channel noise - distractions between the source of the message and his audience
  • Semantic noise - when a message is misunderstood
• Semiotic


  Study of signs
• Levels of Communication


  • Interpersonal (p2p) - communication by one or a few persons to another in a f2f situation
  • Mediated Communication - uses a medium, or channel, to communicate in a non-f2f situation
  • Mass Communication - delivers info to a large and diversified audience in different places at the same time
• Mass Media


  Tools for communicating
• Types of Mass Media

  • Traditional Media - folk media such as bugtong, balagtasan
  • Community Media - community members (plnr, prod, prfmrs) have access to infor, edu, entmt
• Demassification


  Mass media to small/group media
• Basic Communication Models


  • Linear Model of Communication - one way communication
  • Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication - known as Mathematical Theory of Communication
  • Berlo's Model of Communication (SMCR) - emphasizes the dynamic and multidirectional nature of communication
  • Interactive Model of Communication - known as convergence model
  • Schramm's Model of Communication - a process wherein the message is transmitted using a medium by a sender to a receiver
  • Transactional Model of Communication - used for interpersonal communication
  • Barnlund's Model
• Additional Models of Media

  • Hot Media - low audience participation
  • Cool Media - high audience
  • Elitist Media - give people what they need
  • Populist Media - give people what they want
  • Information and Entertainment Models - based on primary use
• Categories of Media


  • Print Media (Group Mass Media) - has a permanent record and is printed on paper
  • Electronic Media - transmitted through waves
  • Photographic/Chemical Media (Primary Mass Media) - based on the chemistry of photography
  • New Media - have been melded to technological innovations which is digitization
• The larger the audience, the more advertisers are willing to pay, the content or medium will stay
• Financial Foundations of Mass Media

  • Advertising Revenue - advertisers buy space and time to air commercial messages
  • Circulation Revenue - mass media gets its income from sales of media products
  • Government Subsidies - government may provide funding for selected mass media to carry its messages
  • Privately Supported Media - mass medium may get its funding from a group or organization
• Measures of Media Literacy


  • Message Form - ability to see the difference between a 1on1 message and a mass media message
  • Message vs Messenger - distinguishing between messages and messenger
  • Motivation Awareness - thinking beyond the message and identifying the source
  • Traditions - past informs our understanding of the present
  • Media Myth - separate real phenomenon from conjecture and nonsense
• Communication


  Refers to the process in general or the conscious and unconscious behavior
• Communications


  Technical means to carry out the process
• Communicare (verb)


  To share, to make common, to commune
• Communis (noun)


  Commonness
• Language


  Code or a system of signals among people
• 4 Aspects of Communication

  • Communicator (encoder)
  • Message (symbols)
  • Channel
  • Audience (decoder)
• Frame of Reference


  A psychological concept which refers to the point of view
• Feedback


  Reaction transmitted to the communicator